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(n+1) Rule

  • Page ID
    40724
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    The (n+1) Rule, an empirical rule used to predict the multiplicity and, in conjunction with Pascal’s triangle, splitting pattern of peaks in 1H and 13C NMR spectra, states that if a given nucleus is coupled (see spin coupling) to n number of nuclei that are equivalent (see equivalent ligands), the multiplicity of the peak is n+1.

    eg. 1:

    n+1rule1.png

    The three hydrogen nuclei in 1, Ha, Hb, and Hc, are equivalent. Thus, 1H NMR spectrum of 1 has only one peak. Ha, Hb, and Hc are coupled to no hydrogen nuclei. Thus, for Ha, Hb, and Hc, n=0; (n+1) = (0+1) = 1. The multiplicity of the peak of Ha, Hb, and Hc is one. The peak has one line; it is a singlet.

    eg. 2:

    n+1rule2.png

    There are two sets of equivalent hydrogen nuclei in 2:

    Set 1: Ha
    Set 2: Hb, Hc

    Thus, the 1H NMR spectrum of 2 has two peaks, one due to Ha and the other to Hb and Hc.

    The peak of Ha: There are two vicinal hydrogens to Ha: Hb and Hc. Hb and Hc are equivalent to each other but not to Ha. Thus, for Ha, n=2; (n+1) = (2+1) = 3. The multiplicity of the peak of Ha is three. The peak has three lines; from the Pascal’s triangle, it is a triplet.

    The peak of Hb and Hc: There is only one vicinal hydrogen to Hb and Hc: Ha. Ha is not equivalent to Hb and Hc. Thus, for Hb and Hc, n=1; (n+1) = (1+1) = 2. The multiplicity of the peak of Hb and Hc is two. The peak has two lines, from the Pascal’s triangle, it is a doublet.

    To determine the multiplicity of a peak of a nucleus coupled to more than one set of equivalent nuclei, apply the (n+1) Rule independently to each other.

    eg:

    n+1rule3.png

    There are three set of equivalent hydrogen nuclei in 3:

    Set 1: Ha
    Set 2: Hb
    Set 3: Hc

    n+1rule4.png

    peak of Ha:

    n+1rule5.png

    multiplicity of the peak of Ha = 2×2 = 4. To determine the splitting pattern of the peak of Ha, use the Pascal’s triangle, based on the observation that, for alkenyl hydrogens, Jcis > Jgem.

    n+1rule6.png

    The peak of Ha is a doublet of a doublet.

    peak of Hb:

    n+1rule7.png

    multiplicity of the peak of Hb = 2×2 = 4. To determine the splitting pattern of the peak of Hb, use the Pascal’s triangle, based on the observation that, for alkenyl hydrogens, Jtrans > Jgem.

    n+1rule8.png

    The peak of Hb is a doublet of a doublet.

    peak of Hc:

    n+1rule9.png

    multiplicity of the peak of Hc = 2×2 = 4. To determine the splitting pattern of the peak of Hc, use the Pascal’s triangle based on the observation that, for alkenyl hydrogens, Jtrans > Jcis.

    n+1rule10.png

    The peak of Hc is a doublet of a doublet.


    This page titled (n+1) Rule is shared under a All Rights Reserved (used with permission) license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Gamini Gunawardena via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.

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