• Acids and Basesv
  • Acid/Base Basics
  • Acid/Base Reactions
  • Aqueous Solutions
  • Buffers
  • Case Studies
  • Ionization Constants
  • Polyprotic Acids & Bases
• Atomic Theoryv
  • Atomic Mass
  • Atomic Theory
  • Dipole Moments
  • Gray: Isotopes
  • Gray: Molecules
  • Gray: The Structure of Atoms
  • Isotopes
  • Pauling Electronegativity
  • Penetration and Shielding
  • Postulates of Dalton's atomic theory
  • The Atom
  • The Mole and Avogadro's Constant
• Chemical Equilibriumv
  • Calculating an Equilibrium Concentration from the Equilibrium Constant
  • Case Studies
  • Le Châtelier's Principle
  • Principles of Chemical Equilibria
  • Reversible vs. Irreversible Reactions
  • The Equilibrium Constant
  • The Reaction Quotient
• Kineticsv
  • Case Studies
  • Complex Reactions
  • Rate Laws
  • Reaction Rates
  • Virtual: Kinetic Molecular Theory
  • Virtual: Kinetics
• Nuclear Chemistryv
  • Case Studies
  • Fission and Fusion
  • Nuclear Stability and Magic Numbers
  • Radioactivity
• Physical Properties of Matterv
  • Atomic and Molecular Properties
  • Gases
  • Liquids
  • Phase Transitions
  • Solids
  • Solutions
  • Supercritical Fluids
• Quantum Mechanicsv
  • Atomic Orbitals
  • Atomic Theory
  • Bra-Ket Notation
  • Case Studies
  • Classical vs. Quantum Mechanics
  • Double Slit Experiment
  • Electronic Structure
  • Kinetic Isotope Effects
  • Quantum FAQ
  • Quantum Theory
  • Time-dependent Quantum Dynamics
  • Virtual: Atomic Orbitals
  • Virtual: Molecular Orbitals
  • Wave Mechanics
• Spectroscopyv
  • Electronic Spectroscopy
  • Fundamentals
  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies
  • Mössbauer: Theory
  • Photoelectron Spectroscopy
  • Rotational Spectroscopy
  • Vibrational Spectroscopy
  • Virtual: Spectrophotometry
  • X-ray Spectroscopy
• Statistical Mechanicsv
  • Boltzmann Average
  • Correlation Functions
  • Equipartition Theorem
  • Heat Capacity of Solids
  • Pair Distribution Functions
  • Partition Functions
  • Statistical Entropy
  • Thermostatistical Ensembles
• Symmetryv
  • Character Table
  • Common Point Groups for Molecules
  • Group Theory and its Application to Chemistry
  • Group Theory: Theory
  • Understanding Character Tables of Symmetry Groups
• Thermodynamicsv
  • A System and Its Surroundings
  • Calorimetry
  • Case Studies
  • Ideal Gas Processes
  • Ideal Systems
  • Laws of Thermodynamics
  • Non-Ideal Systems
  • Path Functions
  • State Functions
  • Temperature
  • Thermodynamic Cycles
  • Thermodynamic Example Problems

Most of what we know about the structure of atoms and molecules comes from studying their interaction with light (electromagnetic radiation). Different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum provide different kinds of information as a result of such interactions.

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