user login
Register
username
password
ChemWiki
BioWiki
MathWiki
StatWiki
PhysWiki
GeoWiki
SolarWiki
More
Recent changes
Attach file
Restrict access
Move page
Delete page
Tag
Set page properties
RSS feeds
Templates
Sitemap
Page History
Watch page
Popular pages
Comments
Print page
Email link
New page
Edit page
All pages
Main pages
Templates
ChemWiki: The Dyna...
Special:Sitemap
Sitemap
Table of contents
ChemWiki: The Dynamic Chemistry Textbook
Analytical Chemistry
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Limiting Reagents
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
Solubility Rules
Reactions in Solution
Stoichiometry and Balancing Reactions
Data Analysis
Analysis
Assumptions
Bias and Accuracy
Data Collection
Instrument Calibration
Reference Base
What can go wrong with the calibration procedure
Variability
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry Basics
Case Studies
Case Study: Fuel Cells
Case Study: Industrial Electrolysis
Corrosion
Sacrificial Anode
Membrane Potentials
Diffusion Controlled Electrode Processes
Electrochemistry 1: Chemistry and Electricity
Electrochemistry 2: Galvanic cells and electrodes
Electrochemistry 3: Cell potentials and thermodynamics
Electrochemistry 4: The Nernst Equation
Electrochemistry 5: Applications of the Nernst Equation
Electrochemistry 6: Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Electrochemistry 7: Electrochemical Corrosion
Electrochemistry 8: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis
Connection between Ecell, ∆G, and K
Electrodes
Standard Electrodes
Electrolytic Cells
Electrolysis
Electroplating
Nernst Equation
Redox Chemistry
Balancing Redox Reactions
Balancing Organic Redox Reactions
Balancing Redox Reactions I
Balancing Redox reactions II
Oxidation State
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Standard Reduction Potential
The Fall of the Electron
Electricity and the Waterfall Analogy
Voltaic Cells
Case Study: Battery Types
Batteries: Electricity though chemical reactions
Rechargeable Batteries
Electrochemical Cell Conventions
Electrochemical Cells under Nonstandard Conditions
Concentration Cell
The Cell Potential
Instrumental Analysis
Capillary Electrophoresis
Capillary Electrophorisis: ShockWave 1
Capillary Electrophorisis: Shockwave 2
SDS-PAGE: Shockwave
Chromatography
Chromatographic Columns
Chromatographic Separations
Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatography: Shockwave 1
GC Photoionization Detection: Shockwave
GC-GC: Shockwave
GC-MS: Shockwave
Temperature Programming: Shockwave
High performance liquid chromatography
HPLC Injection Port: Shockwave
Liquid Chromatography
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Cyclic Voltammetry
Diffraction
Bragg's Law
Powder X-ray Diffraction
Powder X-ray Diffraction1
X-ray Crystallography
Lasers
Mass Spectrometry
Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
GC/MS Combination: Shockwave
Injection Stage
MALDI-TOF
Mass Analyzers (Mass Spectrometry)
Mass Spec
Interpreting a Mass Spectrum
Mass Spectroscopy: Fragmentation Patterns
Mass Spectroscopy: Quizes
Mass Spectra Interpretation: ALDEHYDES
Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effects
Select Ion Monitoring: Shockwave
Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
Dynamic Light Scattering
Spectrometer
ATR-FTIR
Detectors
Detectors of Light
Detectors
Photomultiplier Tube: Shockwave
Diffraction Grating: Shockwave
Double Beam Spectrometer: Shockwave
FTIR: Computational
FTIR: Hardware
Qualitative Analysis
Chemical Change vs. Physical Change
Classification of Matter
Quantifying Nature
Case Studies: Metric/English Conversion Errors
Density and Percent Compositions
Dimensional Analysis
Significant Digits
Propagation of Error
Significant Figures
Uncertainties in Measurements
The Scientific Method
Pseudoscience
Limitations of the Scientific Method
Units of Measure
Metric Prefixes - from yotta to yocto
Non-SI Units
SI Units
Quantitative Analysis
Titration
Acid-Base Titrations
Titration of A Strong Acid With A Strong Base
Titration of A Weak Acid With A Strong Base
Titration of a Weak Base With a Strong Acid
Titration of A Weak Polyprotic Acid
Virtual: Carbon Hydrogen Analysis
Biological Chemistry
Biochemical Cycles
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Biochemical Energy
ATP/ADP
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates Fundamentals
Carbohydrate Classification
Carbohydrate Isomers
Case Studies
Blood Glucose Test
Starch and Iodine
Sugar and Teeth
Disaccharides
Lactose
Sucrose
Monosaccharides
Fructose
Galactose
Glucose
Ribose
Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
Enzymes
Case Studies
Fe-only Hydrogenase
Horseradish Peroxidase
Enzymatic Kinetics
Enzyme Inhibition
General Enzymatic Kinetics
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics and Briggs-Haldane Kinetics
The "Ping-Pong" Mechanism
Sigmoid Kinetics
Turnover Number
Drug Activity
Anti-Cancer Drugs I
Anti-Cancer Drugs II
Antidepressants
Barbiturates
Central Nervous System
Drug Receptor Interactions
Enzyme Inhibition
Hallucinogenic Drugs
Local Anesthetics
Misc Antibiotics
Narcotic Analgesic Drugs
Penicillin
Sulfa Drugs
Electron Transport
Biological Oxidation
Food Chemistry
Food Energy Pyramids
Mono sodium glutamate
Sweeteners
Acesulfame-K
Aspartame
Cyclamate
High Fructose Corn Syrup
Saccharin
Sucralose
Lipids
Case Studies
Case Study: Olestra
Case Study: Soap
Fatty Acids
Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats and Trans Fat
Prostaglandins
Glycerides
Phosphoglycerides or Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Lipid Fundamentals
Lipid Bilayer Membranes
Non-glyceride Lipids
Sphingolipids
Wax
Steroids
Metabolism
Beta-Oxidation
Caffeine
Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Important High Energy Molecules in Metabolism
Kreb's Cycle
Nutrition
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Nucleic Acids
DNA Structure
DNA History
DNA - Double Helix
DNA - Replication
Nucleotides
Protein Synthesis
Protein-RNA Recognition
RNA - Transcription
Types of RNA
Photoreceptors
Chemistry of Vision
Cis-Trans Isomerization of Retinal
Photochemical Changes in Opsin
Photoreceptor Excitation
Photoreceptor Protein
Vision and Light
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis overview
The Light Reactions
Photosystem II
Photosystem II 1
Photosystem II 2
Photosystem II 3
Proteins
Amino Acid Peptide Bonds
Amino Acid Reactions
Amino Acids
Amino acids
Case Studies
Permanent Hair Wave
Protein Structure
Protein Folding
Quantitative Structure-Activity and Relationships
Vitamins, Cofactors and Coenzymes
Cobalamin
Cobalamin 1
Cobalamin 3
FAD - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Vitamin A: β-Carotene
Inorganic Chemistry
Case Studies
Case Study: Contrasting Earth, Mars and the Moon's Atmospheres
Case Study: Elemental Toxicity in Animals
Case Study: Water Treatment
Case Study: The Natural Abundance of Elements in the Earth & Universe
Coordination Chemistry
Basics of Coordination Chemistry
Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
Nomenclature of Coordination Complexes
Complex Ion Equilibria
Complex-Ion Equilibria
The effect of Complex Ion Formation on Solubility
Coordination Numbers
Jahn-Teller Distortions
Molecular Examples
Isomers
Stereoisomers
Structural Isomers
Ligands
Chelation
EDTA
Crystal Field Theory
Colors of Coordination Complexes
Crystal Field Theory
Magnetic Properties of Coordination Complexes
High Spin and Low Spin Complexes
Metals, Tetrahedral and Octahedral
Tanabe-Sugano Diagrams
Virtual: Electronic Structure
Color in Gems
Crystal Field Theory
Energy Level Splitting
Spectrochemical Series
Spectrochemical Series
Descriptive Chemistry
Compounds
Carbonates
Hydrides
Oxides
Physical Properties of Period 3 Oxides
Introduction to Elements
Main Group Elements
Group 1: The Alkali Metals
Chemistry of Hydrogen
Chemistry of Lithium
Chemistry of Potassium
Chemistry of Sodium
Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
Chemistry of Beryllium
Chemistry of Calcium
Chemistry of Magnesium
Chemistry of Strontium
Group 13: The Boron Family
Chemistry of Aluminum
Case Study: Conversion of Bauxite Ore to Aluminum Metal
Chemistry of Boron
Chemistry of Indium
Chemistry of Thalium
Chemistry of Gallium
Group 14: The Carbon Family
Chemistry of Carbon
Chemistry of Germanium
Chemistry of Lead
Chemistry of Silicon
Silicates
Chemistry of Tin
Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
Chemistry of Arsenic
Chemistry of Bismuth
Chemistry of Nitrogen
Chemistry of Phosphorus
Group 16: The Oxygen Family
Chemistry of Oxygen
Ozone
Important properties of ozone
Ozone layer and ozone hole
Chemistry of Selenium
Chemistry of Sulfur
Group 17: The Halogens
Chemistry of Astatine
Chemistry of Bromine
Chemistry of Chlorine
Chemistry of Fluorine
Chemistry of Iodine
Group 18: The Noble Gases
Chemistry of Argon
Chemistry of Helium
Chemistry of Krypton
Chemistry of Neon
Chemistry of Xenon
Main Group Reactions
Case Study: Hard Water
Reactions of Main Group Elements with Carbonates
Reactions of Main Group Elements with Halogens
Reactions of Main Group Elements with Hydrogen
Reactions of Main Group Elements with Nitrogen
Reactions of Main Group Elements with Oxygen
Main Group Oxides Reactions
Reactions of Main Group Elements with Water
Periodic Table of the Elements
Atomic Radii
Atomic Weights and Isotope Composition
Connection between Ionization Energy and Reduction Potential
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Magnetic Properties
Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions
Periodic Properties of the Elements
Periodic Trends
Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii
Table Basics
The Periodic Law
Transition Metals and Coordination Complexes
Electron Configuration
Oxidation States of Transition Metals
Group 10: Transition Metals
The Chemistry of Nickel
Group 11: Transition Metals
The Chemistry of Copper
The Chemistry of Silver
Preparation and uses of Silver chloride and Silver nitrate
The Coinage Metals: Copper, Silver, and Gold
Group 12: Transition Metals
Chemistry of Cadmium
Chemistry of Mercury
Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury
Group 3: Transition Metals
Chemistry of Scandium
Group 4: Transition Metals
The Chemistry of Titanium
Group 5: Transition Metals
Group 6: Transition Metals
Chemistry of Chromium
Group 7: Transition Metals
Chemistry of Manganese
Group 8: Transition Metals
Group 9: Transition Metals
Chemistry of Cobalt
Metallurgy
Iron Production
Oxidation States of Transition-metal Elements
Periodic Trends
The Actinides
The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
The Lanthanides
Lanthanide Contraction
Electronic Configurations
Aufbau Principle
Electron Configuration of Transition Metals and Ions: Mn vs. Cu
Hund's Rules
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Spin Pairing Energy
Lattices
Lattice Energy: The Born-Haber cycle
Schottky Defect
The Born-Lande' equation
Ligand Field Theory
Ligand Field Theory Fundamentals
Virtual: Ligand Field Theory
Ag(NH3)2+
Co(NH3)63+
Cr(CO)
Cr(F)2+
Cu(NH3)42+
Pi Bonding in Coordination Compounds
Sigma Bonding
Zn(NH3)42+
Molecular Geometry
Bent Molecular Geometry
Bent
Nonlinear
Case Studies
Bent triatomic: H2O
Limitations of VSEPR
Linear Molecular Geometry
Octahedral
Square Planar
Square Pyramidal
Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry
Trigonal Planar Molecular Geometry
Trigonal Pyramid Molecular Geometry
T-shaped
Virtual: Isomerization
Coordination (Ionization) Isomers
Coordination Compounds
Geometric Isomers
Linkage Isomers
Optical Isomers
Summary of Isomerization
VSEPR
Organometallic Chemistry
Fundamentals
Associative Ligand Substitution
Dissociative Ligand Substitution
Ligand substitution
Oxidative Addition of Non-polar Reagents
Quirky Ligand Substitutions
The trans/cis Effects & Influences
Introduction to Organometallic Chemistry
Resources for Organometallic Chemistry
What is Organometallic Chemistry?
Ligands
Carbenes
Carbon Monoxide
Metal Alkyls
Odd-numbered π Systems
Phosphines
σ Complexes
Structural Fundamentals
Ligand Field Theory & Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory
Open Coordination Site
Periodic Trends of the Transition Metals
Predicting the Geometry of Organometallic Complexes
Simplifying the Organometallic Complex (Part 1)
Simplifying the Organometallic Complex (Part 2)
Simplifying the Organometallic Complex (Part 3)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Precipitation Reactions
Unique Features of Aqueous Solutions
Organic Chemistry
Alcohols
Phenols
Acidity of Phenols
Oxidation of Quinones
Ring Substitution of Phenols
Properties of Alcohols
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Reactions of Alcohols
Electrophilic Hydration to Make Alcohols
Electrophilic Substitution at Oxygen
Synthesis of Alcohols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones
Nomenclature of Aldehydes & Ketones
The Carbonyl Group
Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones
Addition of Alcohols to form Hemiacetals and Acetals
Carbonyl Group-Mechanisms of Addition
Cyanohydrins
Nucleophilic Addition of HCN to Aldehydes and Ketones
Synthesis of Aldehydes & Ketones
Amides
Properties of Amides
Reactions of Amides
Synthesis of Amides
Amines
Properties of Amines
Nomenclature and Structure of Amines
Natural Nitrogen Compounds
Oxidation States of Nitrogen
Properties of Amines 1
Reactions of Amines
Amine Reactions
Reaction of Amines with Nitrous Acid
Reactions of Aryl Diazonium Salts
Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Amines
Synthesis of Amines
Preparation of Amines
Carboxylic Acids
Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Natural Products
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Related Derivatives
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Reduction & Oxidation Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Salt Reactions
Substitution of the Hydroxyl Group
Substitution of the Hydroxyl Hydrogen
Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Case Studies
Case Study: Fossil Fuels
What is Organic?
Chirality
Absolute Configuration: R-S Sequence Rules
Chirality and Stereoisomers
Diastereomers
Fischer Projections
Fundamentals of Chirality
Meso Compounds
Optical Activity
Conjugation
Conjugated Dienes
Electrophilic Attack on Conjugated Dienes-Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control
Alkyl Group
Carbocation
Delocalization
Electrophile
Kinetics
Markovnikov Addition
Electrophilic Attack on Conjugated Dienes-Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control
Regioselective
Overlap of Adjacent p Orbitals-Electron Delocalization
Polymerization of Conjugated Dienes
The Diels-Alder Cycloaddition
Esters
Properties of Esters
Nomenclature of Esters
Reactions of Esters
Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Esters
Synthsis of Esters
Esterification
Ethers
Properties of Ethers
Nomenclature of Ethers
Nomenclature of Ethers 1
Reactions of Ethers
Reactions of Epoxides
Reactions of Ethers 1
The Chemistry of Ethers
Synthesis of Ethers
Ether Synthesis
Williamson Ether Synthesis
Fundamentals
Electrophiles & Nucleophiles
Coulomb Forces
Molecular Classes
Hybrid Orbitals
Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD)
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Lewis Structures
Omitting numbers
Resonance Forms
Rotation in Substituted Ethanes
Structure of Organic Molecules
Cis & Trans Isomers of Alkanes
The E-Z system for naming alkenes
The phenyl group
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Properties of Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
Physical Properties of Cycloalkanes
Ring Strain and the Structure of Cycloalkanes
Rings: cis/trans and axial/equatorial relationships
Haloalkanes
Nomenclature of Alkanes
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Straight-Chain and Branched Alkanes
Reactions of Alkanes
Alkane Heats of Combustion
Chlorination of Methane and the Radical Chain Mechanism
Cracking Alkanes
Halogenation of Alkanes
Synthesis of Alkanes
Alkenes
Properties of Alkenes
Degree of Unsaturation
Dienes
Addition Reactions of Dienes
Diels-Alder Cycloaddition
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of Alkenes
Physical Properties of Alkenes
Structure and Bonding in Ethene-The Pi Bond
Reactions of Alkenes
Addition Reactions of Alkenes
Addition of Lewis Acids (Electrophilic Reagents)
Addition of Strong Brønsted Acids
Rearrangement of Carbocations
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes: Relative Stability of Double Bonds
Diazomethane, Carbenes, and Cyclopropane Synthesis
Electrophilic Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides
Free Radical Reactions of Alkanes
Addition of Radicals to Alkenes
Allylic Substitution
Hydroboration Oxidation
Oxacyclopropane Synthesis
Ozonolysis
Radical Additions: Anti-Markovnikov Product Formation
Radical Allylic Halogenation
Stereoselectivity in Addition Reactions to Double Bonds
Addition Reactions Initiated by Electrophilic Halogen
Addition Reactions involving other Cyclic Onium Intermediates
Brønsted Acid Additions
Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Oxidations
Epoxidation
Hydroxylation
Oxidative Cleavage of Double Bonds
Vicinal Syn Dihydroxylation
Synthesis of Alkenes
Alkenes by Dehydration of Alcohols
Alkynes
Properties of Alkynes
Acidity of Terminal Alkynes
Nomenclature of Alkynes
Properties and Bonding in the Alkynes
Spectroscopy of the Alkynes
Reactions of Alkynes
Addition by Electrophilic Reagents
Anti-Markovnikov Additions to Triple Bonds
Catalytic Hydrogenation
Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkynes
Hydration of Alkynes and Tautomerism
Hydroboration Reactions and Oxidations
Nucleophilic Addition Reactions & Reduction
Reducing Alkynes-The Reactivity of the Two π Bonds
Synthesis of Alkynes
Preparation of Alkynes by Double Elimination
Preparation of Alkynes from Alkynyl Anions
Aromatics
Properties of Aromatics
Aromaticity
Hückel's Rule
What does "aromatic" really mean?
Inductive Effects of Alkyl Groups
Nomenclature of Benzenes
Polycyclic Aromatics
Reactions of Aromatics
Activating and Deactivating Benzene Rings
Friedel-Crafts Acylation
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
Halogenation of Benzene-The Need for a Catalyst
Nitration and Sulfonation of Benzene
Synthesis of Aromatics
Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Organic Chemistry With a Biological Emphasis
Introduction
Appendix I: Index of enzymatic reactions by pathway
Amino acid biosynthesis
Amino acid catabolism
Citric Acid Cycle
Fatty acid metabolism
Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Fermentation
Isoprenoid biosynthesis
Nucleoside biosynthesis
Nucleotide catabolism
Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Calvin Cycle
Chapter 1: Introduction to organic structure and bonding I
Section 1.1: Atomic orbitals and electron configuration
Section 1.2: Chemical Bonds
Section 1.3: Drawing organic structures
Section 1.4: Functional groups and organic nomenclature
Section 1.5: Valence bond theory: sp, sp2, and sp3 hybrid orbitals
Section 1.P: Problems for Chapter 1
Chapter 2: Introduction to Organic Structure and Bonding II
Section 2.1: Molecular orbital theory: conjugation and aromaticity
Section 2.2: Resonance
Section 2.3: Non-covalent interactions
Section 2.4: Solubility, melting points and boiling points
Section 2.P: Problems for Chapter 2
Chapter 3: Conformations and Stereochemistry
Section 3.1: Conformations of straight-chain organic molecules, Newman projections
Section 3.10: Prochirality
Section 3.2: Conformations of cyclic organic molecules
Section 3.3: Stereoisomerism – chirality, stereocenters, enantiomers
Section 3.4: Naming chiral centers: the R and S system
Section 3.5: Interactions between chiral molecules and proteins Edit section
Section 3.6: Optical activity
Section 3.7: Diastereomers
Section 3.8: Fischer and Haworth projections
Section 3.9: Stereochemistry and organic reactivity
Section 3.P: Problems for Chapter 3
Chapter 4: Structure Determination I: UV-Vis and Infrared Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry
Section 4.1: Introduction to molecular spectroscopy
Section 4.2: Infrared spectroscopy
Section 4.3: Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy
Section 4.4: Mass Spectrometry
Section 4.P: Problems for Chapter 4
Chapter 5: Structure Determination II: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Section 5.1: The origin of the NMR signal
Section 5.2: Chemical equivalence
Section 5.3: The NMR experiment
Section 5.4: The basis for differences in chemical shift
Section 5.5: Spin-spin coupling
Section 5.6: 13C-NMR spectroscopy
Section 5.7 : Determining unknown structures
Section 5.8: NMR of phosphorylated molecules
Section 5.P: Problems for Chapter 5
Chapter 6: Introduction to organic reactivity and catalysis
Section 6.1: A first look at reaction mechanisms
Section 6.2: Energy diagrams
Section 6.3: Enzymatic catalysis - the basic ideas
Section 6.4: Protein structure
Section 6.5: How enzymes work
Section 6.P: Problems for Chapter 6
Chapter 7: Organic compounds as acids and bases
Section 7.1: The ‘basic’ idea of an acid-base reaction
Section 7.2: The acidity constant
Section 7.3: Structural effects on acidity and basicity
Section 7.4: More on resonance effects on acidity and basicity
Section 7.5: Carbon acids and enolate ions
Section 7.6: Polyprotic acids
Section 7.7: The effects of solvent and enzyme microenvironment on acidity
Section 7.P: Problems for Chapter 7
Chapter 8: Nucleophilic substitution reactions, part I
Section 8.1: Introduction to the nucleophilic substitution reaction
Section 8.2: Two mechanistic models for a nucleophilic substitution reaction
Section 8.3: More about nucleophiles
Section 8.4: Electrophiles and carbocation stability
Section 8.5: Leaving groups
Section 8.6: Epoxides as electrophiles in nucleophilic substitution reactions
Section 8.P: Problems for Chapter 8
Chapter 9: Nucleophilic substitution reactions, part II
Section 9.1: Methyl group transfers: examples of SN2 reactions
Section 9.2: Digestion of carbohydrate by glycosidase - an SN1 reaction
Section 9.3: Protein prenyltransferase - a hybrid SN1/SN2 substitution
Section 9.4: Biochemical nucleophilic substitutions with epoxide electrophiles
Section 9.5: Nucleophilic substitution over conjugated pi systems - the SN' mechanism
Section 9.P: Problems for Chapter 9
Chapter 10: Phosphoryl transfer reactions
Section 10.1: Overview of phosphates and phosphoryl transfer reactions
Section 10.2: Phosphorylation reactions - kinase enzymes
Section 10.3: Hydrolysis of phosphates
Section 10.4: Phosphate diesters
Section 10.P: Problems for Chapter 10
Chapter 11: Nucleophilic carbonyl addition reactions
Section 11.1: Nucleophilic additions to aldehydes and ketones: the general picture
Section 11.2: Stereochemistry of the nucleophilic addition reaction
Section 11.3: Hemiacetals, hemiketals, and hydrates
Section 11.4: Acetals and ketals
Section 11.5: N-glycosidic bonds
Section 11.6: Imine (Schiff base) formation
Section 11.7: A look ahead: addition of carbon and hydride nucleophiles to carbonyls
Section 11.P: Problems for Chapter 11
Chapter 12: Acyl substitution reactions
Section 12.1: Introduction to carboxylic acid derivatives and the nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction
Section 12.2: Acyl phosphates as activated carboxylic acids
Section 12.3: Thioesters
Section 12.4: Esters
Section 12.5: Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions involving peptide bonds
Section 12.6: Activated amide groups
Section 12.7: A look ahead: acyl substitution reactions with a carbon or hydride nucleophile
Section 12.P: Problems for Chapter 12
Chapter 13: Reactions with stabilized carbanion intermediates I
Section 13.1: Tautomers
Section 13.2: Isomerization reactions
Section 13.3: Aldol reactions
Section 13.4: Claisen reactions
Section 13.5: Carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions
Section 13.6: Synthetic parallel - carbon nucleophiles in the lab
Section 13.P: Problems for Chapter 13
Chapter 14: Reactions with stabilized carbanion intermediates II
Section 14.1: Michael additions, β eliminations and reactions with electron sink cofactors
Section 14.2: Variations on the Michael reaction
Section 14.3: Elimination by the E1 and E2 mechanisms
Section 14.4: Pyridoxal phosphate - an electron sink cofactor
Section 14.5: Thiamine diphosphate-dependent reactions
Section 14.6: The transition state geometry of reactions involving pi bonds
Section 14.P: Problems for Chapter 14
Chapter 15: Electrophilic reactions
Section 15.1: An overview of the different types of electrophilic reactions
Section 15.10: The Diels-Alder reaction and other pericyclic reactions
Section 15.2: Electrophilic addition
Section 15.3: Electrophilic isomeration and substitution
Section 15.4: Another kind of electrophilic addition-elimination - shikimate to chorismate
Section 15.5: Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions
Section 15.6: Synthetic parallel - electrophilic aromatic substitution in the lab
Section 15.7: Carbocation rearrangements
Section 15.8: Cation-pi interactions and the stabilization of carbocation intermediates
Section 15.9: Outside the box - 1,3-elimination and rearrangement in squalene synthase
Section 15.P: Problems for Chapter 15
Chapter 16: Oxidation and reduction reactions
Section 16.1: Oxidation and reduction of organic compounds - an overview
Section 16.10: Oxygenase reactions- flavin-dependent monoxygenases
Section 16.11: Halogenation of organic compounds
Section 16.12: Redox reactions involving thiols and disulfides
Section 16.13: Redox reactions in the organic synthesis laboratory
Section 16.2: The importance of redox reactions in metabolism
Section 16.3: Outside the box - methanogenesis
Section 16.4: Hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions of carbonyls, imines, and alcohols
Section 16.5: Hydrogenation of alkenes and dehydrogenation of alkanes
Section 16.6: Additional examples of enzymatic hydride transfer reactions
Section 16.7: NAD(P)H, FADH2 and metabolism - a second look
Section 16.8: Observing the progress of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions by UV spectroscopy
Section 16.9: Hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions and renewable energy technology
Section 16.P: Problems for Chapter 16
Chapter 17: Radical reactions
Section 17.1: Structure and reactivity of radical species
Section 17.2: Radical chain reactions
Section 17.3: Enzymatic reactions with free radical intermediates
Section 17.P: Problems for Chapter 17
Full Table of Contents
Reference Tables
Examples of common functional groups in organic chemistry
Representative acid constants
Some characteristic absorption frequencies in IR spectroscopy
Some common laboratory solvents, acids, and bases
Structures of common coenzymes
The 20 common amino acids
Typical coupling constants in NMR
Typical values for 13C-NMR chemical shifts
Typical values for 1H-NMR chemical shifts
Solution Manual
Chapter 1 Solutions
Chapter 2 Solutions
Chapter 3 Solutions
Chapter 4 Solutions
Chapter 5 Solutions
Chapter 6 Solutions
Chapter 7 Solutions
Chapter 8 Solutions
Chapter 9 Solutions
Chapter 10 Solutions
Chapter 11 Solutions
Chapter 12 Solutions
Chapter 13 Solutions
Chapter 14 Solutions
Chapter 15 Solutions
Chapter 16 Solutions
Chapter 17 Solutions
Appendix: Review of laboratory synthesis reactions
Polymers
Addition Polymers
Condensation Polymers
Polyethylene
Polymer Fundamentals
Rubber Polymers
Silicone Polymers
Reactions
Addition Reactions
E1 Reaction
Carbocation Rearrangements
E2 Reaction
Elimination Reactions
Kinetics of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Oxymercuration-Demercuration: A Special Electrophilic Addition
Pushing Arrows
Rearrangement Reactions
SN1
Effects of Solvent, Leaving Group, and Nucleophile on Unimolecular Substitution
SN2
Leaving group
Nucleophile
Stereochemistry SN2 Reactions
Substrate
Substitution Reactions
The Generalized Electrophilic Addition
Videos
Virtual Textbook of OChem
Alcohols
Alcohol Nomenclature
Electrophilic Substitution at Oxygen
Elimination Reactions of Alcohols
Hydroxyl Group Substitution
Additional Methods of Hydroxyl Substitution
Aldehydes & Ketones
Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
Occurrence of Aldehydes and Ketones
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Alpha-carbon Reactions
Carbonyl Group Reactions
Irreversible Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Reversible Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkyl Halides
Alkyl Halide Occurrence
Alkyl Halide Reactions
Reactions of Alkyl Halides with Reducing Metals
Reactions of Dihalides
Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
E1 Elimination Reactions
E2 Elimination Reactions
Planar Conguration and Bredt's Rule
Stereochemistry of the E2 Reaction
SN1 Substitution Reactions
Molecularity and Kinetics
Nucleophilicity and Solvent Effects
Steric Hindrance to Rear-side Approach in Nucleophilic Substitution
SN2 Substitution Reactions and Alkyl Moiety
Alkynes
Aromaticity
Aromatic Ions and Antiaromaticity
Aromatic Systems and Factors Required for Aromaticity
Benzene and Other Aromatic Compounds
Fused Benzene Ring Compounds
Benzene
Characteristics of Specific Substitution Reactions of Benzenes
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic Substitution of Disubstituted Benzene Rings
Nucleophilic Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
Reactions of Fused Benzene Rings
Reactions of Substituent Groups
Substitution Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
Biochemicals
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins and Amino Acids
Carboxyl Derivatives
Carboxylic Derivatives - Physical Properties
Carboxylic Derivatives - Nomenclature
Carboxylic Derivatives - Reactions (Acyl Group Substitution and Mechanism)
Carboxylic Derivatives - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon
Carboxylic Derivatives - Acidity of an Alpha C-H
Carboxylic Derivatives - The Claisen Condensation
Carboxylic Derivatives - Synthesis Applications
Carboxylic Derivatives - Reduction (Catalytic Reduction)
Carboxylic Derivatives - Reduction (Metal Hydride Reduction)
Carboxylic Derivatives - Reduction (Diborane Reduction)
Carboxylic Derivatives - Reaction with Organometallic Reagents
Chemical Reactivity
Ethers
Intermolecular Forces
Boiling Points
Hydrogen Bonding
Structure & Bonding
Molecular Shape
Nomenclature
Phosphines
Sulfur and Phosphorus Compounds
Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy
Answers to IR Spec. Problems
Mass Spectrometry
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Supplemental NMR Topics
Lost
Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
Absorption Intensity
Empirical Rules for Absorption Wavelengths of Conjugated Systems
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Stereoisomers
Alkene Stereoisomers
Butane Conformers
Chirality and Symmetry
Configurational Nomenclature
Multiple Stereogenic Centers
Enantiomorphism
Conformational Enantiomorphism
Conformations of Biphenyls
Optical Activity
Practice Problems
Resolution of Racemates
Fischer Projections
Meso Compounds
Other Configuration Notations
Symmetry and Point Groups
Examples of Point Groups
Compounds with Several Stereogenic Centers
Configurational Nomenclature
Conformational Stereoisomers
Cycloalkane Stereoisomer
Ethane Conformers
Practice Problems
Resolution
Stereogenic Nitrogen
Stereoisomerism in Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
Stereoisomers: Ring Conformations
Substituted Cyclohexanes
Thiols and Sulfides
Empty
Physical Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Acid/Base Basics
Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
Brønsted Concept of Acids and Bases
Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
Acid/Base Reactions
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Neutralization
Predicting the Direction of Acid/Base Reactions
The Fall of the Proton
Aqueous Solutions
Aqueous Solutions of Salts
The hydronium Ion
The pH Scale
Determining and Calculating pH
Temperature Dependent of the pH of pure Water
Water Autoionization and the Ionization Constant
Buffers
Case Study: Buffering Blood
Buffers in Nature
Henderson-Hasselbalch Approximation
How Does A Buffer Maintain pH?
Preparing Buffer Solutions
Case Studies
Acid and Base Indicators
pH Indicators
Acid Rain
Acid Rain Transport
Acid Snow
Electricity Generation
Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Sources of Sulfur Oxides
Ionization Constants
Acid and Base Strength
How to Predict the Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
Weak Acids & Bases
Acid and Base Strength
Calculating a Ka Value from a Known pH
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
Polyprotic Acids & Bases
Calculating the pH of the Solution of a Polyprotic Base/Acid
Polyprotic Acids And Bases
Atomic Theory
Atomic Mass
Atomic Theory
Dipole Moments
Gray: Isotopes
Gray: Molecules
Gray: The Structure of Atoms
Isotopes
Pauling Electronegativity
Penetration and Shielding
Postulates of Dalton's atomic theory
Law of conservation of mass
Law of Constant Proportion
Law of Gaseous Volumes
Law of multiple proportions
Law of Reciprocal Proportions
The Atom
Sub-Atomic Particles
The Mole and Avogadro's Constant
Chemical Equilibrium
Calculating an Equilibrium Concentration from the Equilibrium Constant
Calculating an Equilibrium Constant, Kp, with Partial Pressures
Case Studies
Case Study: The Bends
Case Study: The Haber Process
Le Châtelier's Principle
Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium
Exothermic vs. Endothermic and K
ICE Tables
Principles of Chemical Equilibria
Basic Concepts
Dynamic equilibrium
Equilibrium Constant
Kinetics vs Thermodynamics
Virtual: Le Châtelier's Principle
Le Châtelier's Principle: Adding Reactants
Reaction Table
Le Châtelier's Principle: Effect of a Change in Temperature
Le Châtelier's Principle: Effect of a Change in Volume
Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
Characteristics Of The Equilibrium State
Reversible vs. Irreversible Reactions
The Equilibrium Constant
Balanced Equations And Equilibrium Constants
Calculating An Equilibrium Concentrations
Balanced Equations And Equilibrium Constants
Calculating An Equilibrium Constant, Kp, Using Partial Pressures
Effect Of Volume Changes On Gas-phase Equilibria
Equilibrium
Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions Involving Gases
Gas Equilibrium Constants: Kc And Kp
The Equilibrium Constant, K
Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions Involving Solids and Liquids
Determining the Equilibrium Constant
Determining the Equilibrium Constant 2
Effect of Pressure on Gas-Phase Equilibria
The Reaction Quotient
Difference Between K And Q
Kinetics
Case Studies
Catalytic Converters
Chymotrypsin
Depletion of the Ozone Layer
Smog
Complex Reactions
Chain Reactions
Enzymes
Catalytic efficiency of enzymes
Enzyme Assays
General Principles
Ionic Mobility and Electrophoresis
Diffusion
Marcus Theory of Electron Transfer
Transition State Theory
Eyring equation
Transition State Theory 2
Rate Laws
Gas Phase Kinetics
Bimolecular Reactions
Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) Model
SN2 reactions
Collision Theory
Collision Frequency
Collision Theory I
Collisional Cross Section
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
Mean Free Path
Reactions
Elementary Reactions
Pre-equilibrium approximation
Rate of Diffusion through a Solution
Rate Determining Step
RATE DETERMTING STEP
Reaction Equilibration
Reaction Intermediates
Reaction Mechanisms
Reaction Mechanisms
Relaxation to Equilibrium
Steady State Approximation
Solution Phase Kinetics
Kinetic Salt Effect
The Rate Law
Reaction Rates
Experimental Determination of Kinetics
Continuous Flow
Determining of the Rate Law of a Reaction
Relaxation Methods
Flash Photolysis
Pressure Jump
Spectrophotometry
Stopped Flow
First-Order Reactions
Half-lives
Measuring Reaction Rates
Reaction Order
Determining Reaction Order
Reaction Rate
The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Second Order Reactions
Pseudo-1st-order reactions
Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
Arrhenius Equation
Activation Energy
Activation Energy
Activation Energy editted version
Arrhenius Plot
Pre-exponential factor
Changing Reaction Rates with Temperature
Potential Energy Profile
Zero-Order Reactions
Virtual: Kinetic Molecular Theory
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Diffusion
Maxwell Distribution
Pressure of a Gas
Pressure-Temperature Relation
Pressure-Volume Relation
Virtual: Kinetics
Bromate-Bromide Ion Reaction
Differential Rate Laws
Half Life
Integrated Rate Laws
Isolation Method
Method of Initial Rates
Rate of Reaction
Reaction Rates
Nuclear Chemistry
Case Studies
Case Study: Nuclear Reactors
Case Study: Nuclear Waste
Case Study: Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapons
Case Study: Chernobyl
Case Study: The Shroud of Turin
Case Study: Radiation in Biology and Medicine
Case Study: Nuclear Imaging
Case Study: Positron Emission Tomography
Case Study: Radiocarbon Dating
Fission and Fusion
Nuclear Chain Reactions
Nuclear Fission vs Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Stability and Magic Numbers
Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
Radioactivity
Artificially Induced Radioactivity
Decay Pathways
How to Purify Radioactive Materials
Radioactive Decay Rates
Discovery of Radioactivity and Its Applications
The Effects of Radiation on Matter
Physical Properties of Matter
Atomic and Molecular Properties
Allred-Rochow Electronegativity
Density
Electronegativity
Intermolecular Forces
Born Forces
Cohesive And Adhesive Forces
Capillary Action
Contact Angles
Surface Tension
Wetting Agents
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding I
Hydrophobic interactions
Intermolecular Forces
Interactions between Molecules with Permanent Dipoles
Interactions Between Nonpolar Molecules
Unusual Properties of Water
Van der Waals Forces
Viscosity
Molecular Polarity
Gases
Chemical Reactions in Gas Phase
Connecting Gas Properties to Kinetic Theory of Gases
Gas Laws: Overview
Dalton's Law
Gas Pressure
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Real Gases
The Ideal Gas Law
Vapor Pressure
Virtual: Gas Laws
Avogadro's Law
Boyle's Law
Boyle's Law Calculations
Charles' Law
Dalton's Law
Ideal Gas Law and the Gas Constant
Pressure
Liquids
Boiling
Phase Transitions
Phase Diagrams
Phase Transitions
Virtual: Phase Changes
Heating Curve
Phase Diagram
Phase Diagram Part 1
Phase Diagram Part 2
Phase Diagram Part 3
Phase Diagram Part 4
Phase Diagram Part 5
Vapor Pressure
Solids
Crystal Lattice
Closest Packed Structures
Crystal Planes and Miller Indices
Ionic Solids
Network Covalent Solids
Unit Cell
Virtual: Crystal Structure
Virtual: Ionic Solids
Cesium Chloride
Fluorite
Rutile
Sodium Chloride
Wurtzite
Zinc Blende
Packing of Spheres and Unit Cells
Body-Centered Cubic
Face-Centered Cubic
Hexagonal Close Packed
Simple Cubic
Virtual: Structures of Solids
Closest Packed Structures
Cubic Closest Packed
Cubic Closest Packed Holes
Cubic Hole
Hexagonal Closest Packed
Hexagonal Closest Packed Holes
Holes in Closest Packed Structures
Network Solids
Octahedral Hole
Structures of Ionic Solids
Tetrahedral Hole
Trigonal Hole
Virtual: Unit Cells
Body Centered Cubic
Face Centered Cubic
Hexagonal Closest Packed Structure
Simple Cubic
Solutions
Case Studies
Dialysis
Fractional Distillation
Recrystallization
Colligative Properties
Anomolous Colligative Properties
Boiling Point Elevation
Freezing Point Depression
Osmotic Pressure
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Colloids
Tyndall Effect
Ideal Solutions
Raoult's Law
Henry's Law
Thermodynamics of Mixing
Non-ideal Solutions
Activity
Azeotropes
Debye-Hückel Theory
Debye-Hückel Theory of Electrolytes
Electrolyte Solution Nomenclature
Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium, Nonideal
Solubility
Common Ion Effect
Hydrolysis
Pressure Effects On the Solubility of Gases
Relating Solubility and Ksp
Solubility and Factors Affecting Solubility
Solubility Product Constant, Ksp
Temperature Effects On The Solubility Of Gases
Types of Saturation
Use of Solubility for Qualitative Analysis
Solution Basics
Electrolyte Solutions
Formation of Ionic Solutions
Interionic Attractions
Intermolecular Forces in Mixtures And Solutions
Enthalpy of Solution
Units of Concentration
Intermolecular Forces in Solution
Surfactants
Supercritical Fluids
Case Study: Removing caffeine from Coffee
Case Study: Supercritical CO2
Critical Point
Quantum Mechanics
Atomic Orbitals
d Atomic Orbitals
f Atomic Orbitals
g Atomic Orbitals
p Atomic Orbitals
s Atomic Orbitals
Atomic Theory
Case Study: Quarks and other Sub-Nucleon Particles
Chemical Compounds
Case Study: Non-Stoichiometric Materials
Chemical Compounds
Formulas of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
Introduction to Chemical Bonding
Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Electrons in Atoms
Atomic Spectra
Connecting Electronic Configurations to the Periodic Table
Electron Spin
Electronic Orbitals
Multi-electron Atoms
Quantum Theory
Uncertainty Principle
Wave-Particle Duality
Wave-Particle Duality
Intermolecular Forces
Dipole moments
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Hydrogen Bonding
Lennard-Jones Potential
London Dispersion Interactions
Polarizability
Van Der Waals Interactions
Why do electrons not fall into the nucleus?
Bra-Ket Notation
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Expectation Values
Measurements
Observables
Case Studies
Case Study: Photoelectric Effect
Case Study: Quantum Dots
Classical vs. Quantum Mechanics
Blackbody Radiation
Double Slit Experiment
Electronic Structure
Band Theory of Metals and Insultators
Band Theory of Semiconductors
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Ortho and Para hydrogen
Kinetic Isotope Effects
Quantum Theory
Bohr's Hydrogen Atom
De Broglie Wavelength
Free Particles
Photons
Rigid Rotor
Principles of Quantum Mechanics
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
Commuting Operators
The Uncertainty Principle
Properties of the solutions to the Schrödinger equation
Schrödinger Equation
Wave-Particle Duality
Trapped Particles
Atoms
Electron Configuration
H Atom Energy Levels
Multi-Electron Atoms
Penetration & Shielding
Penetration and Shielding
Wave Function of Multi-electron Atoms
One Electron Atoms
Quantum Mechanical H Atom
Quantum Numbers
Atomic Orbitals
Quantum Numbers: Shockwave
Radial and Angular Parts of Atomic Orbitals
The Bohr Atom
H Atom Wavefunctions
Visualizing the Atomic Orbitals
Harmonic Oscillator
Anharmonic Oscillator
Molecules
Nuclear Potential Energy Curves
Potential Barriers
Finite Potential Barriers
Tunneling
Infinite Potential Barriers
Particle in a 1-dimensional box
Particle in a 2-dimensional box
Particle in a 3-dimensional box
Particle in a ring
Particle in a Sphere
Quantum FAQ
Time-dependent Quantum Dynamics
Virtual: Atomic Orbitals
Atom Orbitals
Atomic Orbitals
D Orbitals
Effective Nuclear Charge
Geometry of Hybrid Orbitals
Graphical Representations
Hybrid Orbitals
Nuclear Charge and Orbital Size
p Orbitals
s Orbitals
Sizes of Atomic Orbitals
Visualization of Atomic Orbitals
Virtual: Molecular Orbitals
Bonding in the Hydrogen Molecule
Overlap of Atomic Orbitals
Sigma Bonding
Symmetry Requirements
Wave Mechanics
Spectroscopy
Electronic Spectroscopy
Chemiluminescence
Circular Dichroism
Derivation of Laporte Rule
Electronic Spectroscopy: Application
Electronic Spectroscopy: Interpretation
Electronic Spectroscopy: Theory
Fluorescence
Jablonski Diagram: Shockwave
Franck-Condon Principle
Jablonski diagram
Metal to Ligand and Ligand to Metal Charge Transfer Bands
Molecular Term Symbols
Phosphorescence
The atomic spectrum
Atomic Term Symbols
Two-photon absorption
Fermi's Golden Rule
Fundamentals
Electromagnetic Radiation
From Linear Algebra to Fourier Transforms for Chemists
Introduction to Spectroscopy
Lineshape Functions
Selection Rules
Selection rules and transition moment integral
The Power of the Fourier Transform for Spectroscopists
Time-resolved vs. Frequency Resolved
Mössbauer: Theory
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
ENDOR: Theory
EPR: Application
EPR: Interpretation
EPR: Introduction
EPR: Theory
Hyperfine Splitting
Parallel Mode EPR: Theory and Application
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
NMR: Background Physics and Mathematics
NMR: Experimental
2D NMR
2D NMR: Indirect Detection
2D NMR Background
2D NMR Basics
2D NMR Experiments
2D NMR Introduction
Heternuclear Correlations
Homonuclear Correlations
Carbon-13 NMR
Interpreting C-13 NMR Spectra
Heavy Atom NMR: Non 1/2 Spin Systems
NMR: Interpretation
Integration in NMR
Solid State Experiments
Solid State NMR Experimental Setup
NMR: History
NMR: Solid State
NMR: Theory
Bloch Equations
Modifications to Bloch Equations
Larmor Precession
NMR Interactions
Chemical Shift (Shielding)
Dipolar Coupling
J Coupling
Quadrupolar Coupling
Quantum Picture of NMR
Relaxation
NMR: Kinetics
Nuclear Overhauser Effect
Spin Lattice Relaxation
Spin-Spin Relaxation
NMR: Introduction
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Application
Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Theory
Rotational Spectroscopy
Microwave rotational spectroscopy
Rotational Spectroscopy of Diatomic Molecules
Rovibrational Spectroscopy
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy
How an FTIR Spectrometer Operates
Infrared: Application
Infrared: Interpretation
Infrared: Theory
Raman Spectroscopy
Raman: Application
Raman: Theory
Resonant vs. Nonresonant Raman Spectroscopy
Vibrational Modes
Combination Bands, Overtones and Fermi Resonances
Isotope Effects in Vibrational Spectroscopy
Mode Analysis
Normal Modes
Number of vibrational modes for a molecule
SALCs
Virtual: Spectrophotometry
Absorbance Spectrum
Analysis of an Unknown Solution
Basic Principles
Beer's Law
Effect of Cell Path Length
Effect of Concentration
X-ray Spectroscopy
EXAFS: Theory
XANES: Application
XANES: Theory
XANES: Theory2
XAS: Theory
Statistical Mechanics
Boltzmann Average
Boltzmann Distribution
The Boltzmann constant
Correlation Functions
Equipartition Theorem
Heat Capacity of Solids
Pair Distribution Functions
Partition Functions
Statistical Entropy
Thermostatistical Ensembles
Symmetry
Character Table
Understanding Character Tables of Symmetry Groups
Common Point Groups for Molecules
C1 Point Group
C2
Symmetry Point Groups
Group Theory and its Application to Chemistry
Group Theory: Theory
Thermodynamics
A System and Its Surroundings
Calorimetry
Application of calorimetry
Constant Pressure Calorimetry
Constant Volume Calorimetry
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Heat Capacity
Virtual: Calorimetry
Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity of a Calorimeter
Heat of Combustion of Methane
Heat of Neutralization
Heat of Solution of Ammonium Nitrate
Heat of Solution of Calcium Hydroxide
Heat of Solution of Sulfuric Acid
Specific Heat Capacity of Copper
Specific Heat Capacity of Ethanol
Case Studies
Case Study: Brayton Cycle
Case Study: Joule-Thomson effect
Case Study: Thermodynamics of ATP
Solar Energy
Ideal Gas Processes
Ideal Systems
Thermodynamics of Mixing
Laws of Thermodynamics
0th Law of Thermodynamics
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
3rd Law of Thermodynamics
Non-Ideal Systems
Salting Out
Path Functions
Heat
Work
Gas Expansion
State Functions
Chemical Energy
Differential Forms of Fundamental Equations
Enthalpy
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Reaction
Problems involving Heat of Reaction
Heat of Sublimation
Kirchhoff's Law
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Entropy
‘Disorder’ in Thermodynamic Entropy
A Brief Introduction to the Second Law and to Entropy
Calculating Entropy Changes
Entropy of Mixing
Nonsense and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Free Energy
Free Energy
Gibb's Free Energy
Gibbs Free Energy
The Free Energy Change for a Reaction
What Is "free" energy
Helmholtz Energy
Internal Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Thermal Energy
Temperature
Thermodynamic Example Problems
Thermodynamic Cycles
Carnot Cycle
Case Study: Carnot Cycle
Hess' Law
Theoretical Chemistry
ab initio Calculations
Electronic Molecular Structure
Correlation Energy and Configuration Interaction
Electronic States
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
Mulliken Populations
Semi-Empirical Methods: Extended Hückel
The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
The Case of H2+
The Orbital Approximation and Orbital Configurations
The Self-Consistent Field and the Hartree-Fock Limit
Chemical Bonding
Contrasting MO and VB theory
Covalent Bonds vs Ionic Bonds
General Principles
Bond Energies
Bond Order and Lengths
Born Oppenheimer Approximation
Covalent Bond Distance, Radius and van der Waals Radius
Covalent Bonds
Non-Singular Covalent Bonds
Electrostatic Potential maps
Ionic Bonds
Metallic Bonding
Lewis Theory of Bonding
Geometry of Molecules
Lewis Structures
Lewis Symbols
Violations of the Octet Rule
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Molecular Orbital Theory
Bonding and antibonding orbitals
How to Build Molecular Orbitals
MO bonding in F2 and O2
Molecular Orbitals - Example 1: Water
Interactive MO: Water
Valence Bond Theory
Hybridization
Localized Bonding
Overview of Valence Bond Theory
Resonance
Delocalization of Electrons
Ensemble Simulations
Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Fundamentals
Dexter Energy Transfer
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Stirling’s Approximation
Stirling's approximation II
History of Chemistry
Biographies
Lewis, Gilbert Newton
SARIS
Lab Techniques
Condensing volatile gases for reaction
Cooling baths
Distillation
Drying Solvents
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Packing Columns
Packing Normal Phase Columns
Packing Reverse Phase Columns
Packing Size Exclusion Columns
Quenching Reactions
Grignards
Lithium Aluminium Hydride
Reagent Specific Hazards
Alkyl Lithium Titration
Ammonium
Carbon disulfide
Sodium
Sodium Azide
TMS-Diazomethane
Volatile Alkylating Agents
Recrystallization
Reflux
Rotary Evaporation
Safety
General Safety Considerations for the Uninitiated
Proper Protective Equipment
Waste Disposal
Thin Layer Chromatography
Vacuum Equipment
Wikitexts
Cal Poly Pomona
Osmosis
Columbia University C3443: Turro
Fall 2010 Lectures
Diablo Valley College
DVC Chem 120: Rusay
DVC Chem 121: Rusay
DVC Chem 227: Rusay
ChemWiki i-clicker Organic Questions
A Resonance Picture of Bonding in Benzene
Acetals as Protecting Groups
Acid–Base Behavior of Amino Acids
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
Acidity of Phenols
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group
Aldopentoses and Aldohexoses
An Orbital Hybridization View of Bonding in Benzene
Anionic Polymerization: Living Polymers
Annulenes
Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Ketones
Basicity of Amines
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature
Classification of Carbohydrates
Classification of Polymers: Structure
Classification of Polymers: Chain-Growth and Step-Growth
Copolymers
Crown Ethers
Cyclic Forms of Carbohydrates: Furanose Forms
Diels–Alder Reactions of Benzyne
Disaccharides
Effects of Molecular Structure on 1H Chemical Shifts
Epimerization, Isomerization, and Retro-Aldol cleavage
Free-Radical Halogenation of Alkylbenzenes
Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds and Hückel’s Rule
Mass Spectrometry
Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Nucleophilic Ring Opening of Epoxides
Nucleophilic Substitution in Nitro-Substituted Aryl Halides
Nucleosides
Oxidation of Aldehydes
Oxidation of Phenols: Quinones
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Physical Properties of Phenols
Polyamides
Preparation of Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia
Preparation of Amines by Reduction
Preparation of Epoxides: A Review and a Preview
Preparation of Ethers
Principles of Nucleophilic Addition: Hydration of Aldehydes and Ketones
Pyrimidines and Purines
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: A Review And a Preview
Reactions of Phenols: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Regioselective Synthesis of Disubstituted Aromatic Compounds
Secondary Structures of Peptides and Proteins
Secondary Structures of Peptides and Proteins
Sex Hormones
Sn2 Reactions of Benzylic Halides
Stereochemistry of Amino Acids
Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Activating Substituents
Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Strongly Deactivating Substituents
Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Halogens
Substituent Effects on the Acidity of Phenols
The Aldol Condensation
The Aldotetroses
The Claisen Condensation
The Gabriel Synthesis of Primary Alkylamines
The Hofmann Elimination
The Stability of Benzene
The Wittig Reaction
Florida State University
FSU CHM2210: Zhu
FSU CHM2210 Rubrik
FSU CHM2210 Schedule
Hope College
HOPE Chem 343: Krueger
Calorimetry
Critical Points
Enthalpy
Equations of State
Gas Expansions
Gibbs Energy
Hess' Law
Intermolecular Interactions
Ligand Binding
Molecular Collisions
P and T Effects on Equilibrium
Rigid Rotor
Salting-out
Solution Kinetics
HOPE Chem 344: Krueger
J. Sargeant Reynolds CC
CHM 101: Wijesinghe
CHM 101: Homework
CHM 101: Solutions
Misc
Chemical Principles
ChemTutor
Acids and Bases
Allotropes
Atomic Structure
Chemical Compounds
Chemical Reactions
Elements
Gases
Heuristics
Moles, Percents and Stoichiometry
Numbers and Math
Periodic Table of the Elements
Problems Sets
Questions: Gases
Questions: Moles
Reduction and Oxidation Reactions
Solutions
States of Matter
Units, Measures and Dimensions
Development Details
Ways to Succeed in Your Chemistry Courses
Ways Not to Succeed in Your Chemistry Courses
ChemWiki Frequently Asked Questions
Equation Test
ChemWiki Protocol
Contributors
Financial Support
Java3D FAQ
Legal
Other Online Chemistry Resources
Reference Material
Atomic Electron Configurations
Character Tables
Covalent Radii
Electronegativities
Equilibrium Constants
Formation Thermodynamics and Constants
Fundamental Physical Constants
Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
Specific Heats and Molar Heat Capacities
Standard Reduction Potentials
Thermodynamics Properties of Substances
Welcome to the Core
Tour
Core/Wikitext Approach
Developmental Approach
Expert Participation
Faculty Participation
Student Participation
Phase I: Construction
Phase II: Review
Outreach
Public Relations
Vetting the ChemWiki
Wall of Fame
Wikitexts
General Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Textbook Maps
Analytical Chemistry Textbooks
General Chemistry Textbooks
McMurry 4th edition
Oxtoby 6th edition
Petrucci 10th edition
Timberlake 3rd edition
Zumdahl 7th edition
Organic Chemistry Textbooks
Carey 7th edition
Reusch Virtual Textbook
Vollhardt 5th edition
Physical Chemistry Textbooks
Chang 1st edition
McQuarrie 2nd edition
McQuarrie
Math Basics
Central Limit Theorem
Central Limit Theorem Applet
Complex Analysis
Differentiation
Fourier Analysis
Fourier Analysis in Matlab
Fourier Synthesis of Periodic Waveforms
Fourier Analysis and Signals Filtering
Linear and Non-linear Regression
Linear Regression in Matlab
Analysis of Experimental Data (with Matlab)
Matrix Manipulations
Diagonalization
The Exponential Function
New Mexico State U Alamogordo
Chem 110G: McGowan
Homework
Homework #1
Homework #2
Homework #3
Truman Chem 421: Nagan
Enzyme Mechanisms I
Enzyme Mechanisms: Metalloprotease
Enzyme Mechanisms II
Membrane Transport
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors
Nucleic Acid 3D Structure
UC Davis
Enderle Videos
UCD Chem 104: Forensic Chemistry
UCD Chem 105: Lab Manual
Introductory Details and Lab Format
Statistical Treatment of Data
Lab 0: Introduction to Electronic Equipment
Lab 1: Analog Electronics
Lab 2: Standardization of HCl
Lab 3: Potentiometry
Lab 4: Gas Chromatography
Lab 5: Principles and Properties of Semiconductor Lasers
Lab 6: Atomic Hydrogen Spectroscopy
Lab 7: Absorption Spectra of Conjugated Dyes
Lab 8: Quantifying Protein Concentration
Lab 9: Atomic Absorption
UCD Chem 107A: Fisher
UCD Chem 107B: Ames
ChemWiki Module Topics
Intermolecular Forces
Phase 1: Review
Rate Determing Step
Phase II: Construction
Wavefunction oscar r valenzuela
UCD 107B Exam Problems
UCD Chem 110A
UCD Chem 110B
Chem110B Extra Credit
Butadiene is Stabilized by a Delocalization Energy
Conjugated Hydrocarbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Can Be Treated by a Pi-Electron Approximation
Different Hybrid Orbitals Are Used for the Bonding Electrons and the Lone Pair Electrons in Water
Different Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Are Used to Investigate Different Molecular Processes
Electronic Spectra Contain Electronic, Vibrational, and Rotational Information
Hybrid Orbitals Account for Molecular Shape
Overtones Are Observed in Vibrational Spectra
Rotational Transitions Accompany Vibrational Transitions
Selection Rules Are Derived from Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory
Symmetry Operations Can Be Represented by Matrices
The Boltzmann Factor Is One of the Most Important Quantities in the Physical Sciences
The C3V Point Group Has a Two-Dimensional Irreducible Representation
The Franck-Condon Principle Predicts the Relative Intensities of Vibronic Transitions
The Harmonic-Oscillator Selection Rule Is Δv = ±1
The Heat Capacity at Constant Volume Is the Temperature Derivative of the Average Energy
The Lines in a Pure Rotational Spectrum Are Not Equally Spaced
The Most Important Summary of the Properties of a Point Group Is Its Character Table
The Probability That a System in an Ensemble Is in the State j with Energy Ej (N,V) Is Proportional to e-Ej(N,V)/kBT
The Rotational Spectrum of a Polyatomic Molecule Depends Upon the Principal Moments of Inertia of the Molecule
The Selection Rule in the Rigid Rotator Approximation Is ΔJ = ±1
The Symmetry Operations of a Molecule Form a Group
Vibration-Rotation Interaction Accounts for the Unequal Spacing of the Lines in the P and R Branches of a Vibration-Rotation Spectrum
We Postulate That the Average Ensemble Energy Is Equal to the Observed Energy of a System
UCD Chem 110C
UCD Chem 115: Larsen
Chemwiki Module Topics
UCD Chem 115 Lab Manual
Introductory Details
Chem 115 Lab Report Evaluation Form
Statistical Treatment of Data
Lab 1: Cyclic Voltammetry
Lab 2: High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Lab 3: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Lab 4: Molecular Fluorescence
Lab 5: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
Lab 6: Capillary Electrophoresis
Lab 7: Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
UCD Chem 118A
ChemWiki Module Topics for Chem 118B
13Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Alcohols as Acids and Bases
Combustion and the Relative Stabilities of Alkanes
Competition Between Substitution and Elimination-Structure Determines Function
Conformations
Effect of the Alkyl Group on the SN1 Reaction-Carbocation Stability
Industrial Sources of Alcohols
Larger Cycloalkanes
Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding
Organometallic Reagents in the Synthesis of Alcohols
Organometallic Reagents-Sources of Nucleophilic Carbon for Alcohol Synthesis
Physiological Properties and Uses of Alcohols and Ethers
Radical Halogenations of Methane
Reactions of Alcohols with Base-Preparation of Alkoxides
Reactions of Alcohols with Strong Acids-Alkyloxonium Ions
Reactions of Ethers
Reactions of Oxacyclopropanes
Selectivity in Radical Halogenation with Fluorine and Bromine
Solvolysis of Secondary and Tertiary Haloalkanes
Spin-Spin Splitting-Complications
Spin-Spin Splitting-Nonequivalent Neighboring Hydrogens
Stereochemical Consequences of SN1 Reactions
Strength of Alkane Bonds and Radicals
Structural and Physical Properties of Alkanes
Structure of Alkyl Radicals and Hyperconjugation
Substituted Cyclohexanes
Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols and Ethers
Synthesis of Alcohols by Nucleophilic Substitution
Synthesis of Ethers-Alcohols and Mineral Acids
Synthetic Radical Halogenation
Tests for Chemical Equivalence
The Proton Chemical Shift
Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution
UCD Chem 118B: Toney
UCD Chem 118C
UCD Chem 124A Transition Metals: Berben
Ascorbate Oxidase
Ascorbate Oxidase 1
Ascorbate Oxidase 1
Ascorbate Oxidase 2
Ascorbate Oxidase 3
Carbonic Anhydrase
Carbonic Anhydrase 1
Carbonic Anhydrase 2
Human Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase B.
CO dehydrogenase
CO dehydrogenase 1
CO Dehydrogenase/Acetyl-CoA Synthase (CODH/ACS)
CO Dehydrogenase 3
Cytochrome P450
Cytochrome P450
Cytochrome P450 2
Cytochrome P450 3
Extradiol Oxygenase
Extradiol Oxygenase 1
Extradiol Oxygenase 2
Extradiol Oxygenase 3
Fe only hydrogenase
Laccase
Laccase 1
Laccase 2
Laccase 3
Methane Monooxygenase (MMO)
Methane Monooxygenase 1
Methane Monooxygenase (MMO) 2
Methane Monooxygenase 3
NiFe hydrogenase
NiFe hydrogenase 1
NiFe hydrogenase 2
NiFe hydrogenase 3
Nitrogenase
Nitrogenase 1
Nitrogenase 2
Nitrogenase 3
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)
Rubisco 2
Rubisco 3
Urease
Urease 1
Urease 2
Urease 3
Writing Assignment
UCD Chem 124A: Kauzlarich
ChemWiki Module Topics
Diagrammatic Representations of electron configurations
Double Bonds
Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity
Electronic Angular Wavefunction
Electronic Orbital Energies
Electronic Quantum Numbers
Enthalpies of Formation and Disproportionation
Evidence of Schottky and Frenkel Defects
Fermi level
Frenkel Defect
Ground state electronic Configuration
Group 18 Elemental Solids
H2 and F2 Solids
High Coordination Numbers
Intersitial Holes
Interstitial Alloys
Ionic Radii
Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities
IR spectropscopy: Practical Problems
Isoelectronic Species
Lattice Energy: Experimental vs. Calculated values
Lewis Structures
Madelung Constants
Melting Points and Enthalpies of Atomization
Metal Carbonyl Complexes (M(CO)n
Metal Carbonyl Complexes M(CO)6-n
metallic radii
MO Application: linear XH2: Symmetry by examination
MO Application: polyatomic molecules
MO Theory: [NO3]-
MO Theory: CO
MO Theory: Objective Aplications
MO Theory: Orbital Interactions
MO Theory: SF6
MO Theory: π-Bonding in CO2
MO Theory:B2H6
MO theory of bonding in H2
Molecular Dipole Moments
Molecular Orbital Theory: Complications
Molecular Orbital Theory applied to BH3
Molecular Orbital Theory applied to CH4
Molecular Orbital Theory applied to NH3
Molecular Shape: Stereoisomerism
Mulliken Electronegativity
Nuclide, Atomic Number, mass number
Octahedral Species
Octet Rule: first row p-block elements
Orbital Hybridization
Other Hybridization schemes
Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory
Periodic Table
Point Groups
Polymorphism
Refined Born-Lande' equation
Relative Atomic Mass
Size of Orbitals
Small S-P energy Separation Effects
Solid Metallic Elements
sp Hybridization
sp2 Hybridization
sp3 Hybridization
Spin Quantum Number
Square Planar Species
Structure: Antifluorite
Structure: CaF2
Structure: CdI and CdCl2
Structure: CsCl
Structure: Perovskite (CaTiO3)
Structure: Rock Salt
Structure: SiO2
Structure: TiO2 (rutile)
Structure: Zinc Blend
Structure: ZnS
Substitutional Alloys
Successive Symmetry Operations
Symmetry Operations and Elements
Td, Oh and Ih Point Groups
The center two-electron interactions
The ground state of Hydrogen
The Helium Atom
The Kapustinskii Equation
The Uncertainty Principle
The Unit Cell
Trigonal Bipyramidal Species
Trigonal Bipyramidal Structures
Valence and Core Electrons
Valence Bond model of bonding in F2, O2, and N2
Valence Bond model of Bonding in H2
Valence Bond Theory: BF3
Valence Bond Theory: C2H4
Valence Bond Theory: HCN
Valence Bond Theory: Multiple Bonding in polyatomic molecules
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Linear and Bent triatomic Molecules
Wave Mechanics of Electrons
XY3 molecules with C3v Symmetry
XY3 molecules with D3h Symmetry
XY4 molecules with Td or D4h Symmetry
XY6 molecules with Oh Symmetry
UCD Chem 125: Lab Manual
Lab 1: Bromination of Acetone
Lab 2: Computational Lab
Lab 3: Heat Capacity
Introductory Details
Lab 4: Iodine UV/Vis Lab
Lab 5: Isotope Ratio via NMR
Lab 6: Raman Lab
Lab 7: Rotational Barriers via NMR
Lab 8: Sucrose Inversion
UCD Chem 128A: Toney
ChemWiki Module Topics
Quantum Mechanical Description of Atomic Orbitals
UCD Chem 205: Larsen
Breakdown of EM Radiation
ChemWiki Module Topics
NMR Animations
Basic Concepts
MRI
pi Pulses
Pulsed NMR Introduction
Spin Echo
UCD Chem 226: Osterloh
UCD Chem 2A: Madsen
ChemWiki Module Topics
Brief Introduction to Early Chemistry
Extra Credit FAQ
Grading on a Curve (Chem 2A - Madsen)
UCD Chem 2AH
UCD Chem 2B: Madsen
Acids and Bases
Chem 2B Homework
Chemical Equilibrium
Solubility And Complex-ion Equilibria
Solutions And Their Physical Properties
Spontaneous Change
States of Matter
Thermodynamics and ThermoChemistry
UCD Chem 2B: Osterloh
UCD Chem 2BH: Land
ChemWiki Module Topics
UCD Chem 2C: Madsen
Analytical Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Nuclear Chemistry 2C
Electrochemistry 2C
Chemical Kinetics 2C
ChemWiki Topics
Extra Credit FAQ
Spring Quarter Requirements
Grading on a Curve (Chem 2C: Madsen)
Kinetics 2C
Main Group Elements 2C
Transition Metals and Coordination Complexes 2C
UCD Chem 2C: Kauzlarich
Chemical Kinetics 2C
ElectroChemistry 2C
Main Group Elements 2C
Nuclear Chemistry 2C
Transition Metals and Coordination Complexes 2C
UCD Chem 2C: Larsen
Chem 2C: Homework
Team 1
Chapter 19: Electrochemistry
Chapter 20: Transition Metals
Chapter 21: Complex Ions & Coordination Compounds
Chapter 22: Main Group Elements I
Chapter 23: Main Group Elements II
Chapter 24: Kinetics
Chapter 25: Nuclear Chemistry
Team 10
Chapter 19 Electrochemistry
Chapter 20 The Transition Elements
Chapter 21 Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
Chapter 22 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14
Chapter 23 Chemistry of the Main-Group elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen
Chapter 24 Kinetics Problems
Chapter 24 Kinetics Solutions
Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry
Team 11
Team 13
Chapter 19: Electrochemistry
Chapter 20: The Transition Elements
Chapter 21: Complex Ion and Coordination Compounds
Chapter 22: Main Group Elements I
Chapter 23: Main Group Elements II
Chapter 24: Chemical Kinetics
Chapter 25: Nuclear Chemistry
Team 14
19: Electrochemistry
19: Electrochemistry solutions
20: The Transition Elements
20: The Transition Elements Solutions
21: Complex Ions & Coordination Compounds
21: Complex Ions & Coordination Compounds Solutions
22: Main Group Elements I
22: Main Group Elements I Solutions
23: Main Group Elements II
23: Main Group Elements II Solutions
24: Chemical Kinetics
24: Chemical Kinetics Solutions
25: Nuclear Chemistry
25: Nuclear Chemistry Solutions
26: Organic Chemistry
26: Organic Chemistry Solutions
Team 15
Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
Electrochemistry
Transition Elements
Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
Main Group Elements I
Main Group Elements II
Nuclear Chemistry
Organic Chem
Kinetics
Main Group Elements I
Main Group Elements II
Nuclear Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Transition Elements
Team 2
Chapter 19 :Electrochemistry
Questions
Answers to questions
Chapter 20 :Transition Metals
Questions for Chapter 20: Transition metal
Answers for Chapter 20: Transition metal
Chapter 21 : Complex Ions & Coordination Compounds
Questions
Answers to questions
Chapter 22: Main Group Elements I
Questions
Answers to quesitons
Chapter 23: Main group element 2 : group 18 , 17, 16 15 and hydrogen
Questions
Answers to questions
Chapter 24: Chemical Kinetics
Questions
Answers to Questions
Chapter 25: Nuclear Chemistry
Questions
Answer to questions
Team 3
Solutions Manual
Team 4
Chapter 19: Electrochemistry
Chapter 20: The Transition Elements
Chapter 21: Complex Ions & Coordination Compounds
coordination by Thandu.srikanth
Calculation
Description
Embedded Answers
Essay
Matching
Multiple Choice
Numerical
Random Short Answer Matching
Short Answer
True/False
Chapter 22: Main Group Elements
Chapter 23: Main Group Elements II
Chapter 24: Chemical Kinetics
Chapter 25: Nuclear Chemistry
Team 6
Chapter 19: Electrochemistry
Chapter 20: The Transition Metals
Chapter 21: Complex Ions & Coordination Compounds
Chapter 22: Main Group Elements I
Chapter 23: Main Group Elements II
Chapter 24: Chemical Kinetics
Chapter 25: Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 26: Organic Chemistry
ChemWiki Extra Credit
Homework Effort
Exam Reviews
Additional Resources - Descriptive Chemistry
Additional Resources - High and Low Spin
Additional Resources - Midterm #2
Concepts to Master for Midterm 1
Concepts to Master for Midterm 2
Concepts to Master for the Final
Grading on a Curve
Readings
Solutions
HW Solutions #9
HW Solutions #1
HW Solutions #10
HW Solutions #2
HW Solutions #3
HW Solutions #4
HW Solutions #5
HW Solutions #6
HW Solutions #7
HW Solutions #8
Wiki-Homework
Wiki-Homework 1
Wiki-Homework 10
Wiki-Homework 2
Wiki-Homework 3
Wiki-Homework 4
Wiki-Homework 5
Wiki-Homework 6
Wiki-Homework 7
Wiki-Homework 8
Wiki-Homework 9
UCD Chem 2CH: Fisher
UM Morris Chem 2304: Soderberg
Approaches
ChemCases
Cisplatin: The Invention of an Anticancer Drug
Cisplatin 1. Study of the Effect of Electric Fields on E. coli
Cisplatin 2. Control Experiments for the Effect of Electric Fields on E. coli
Cisplatin 3. Redox Chemistry
Cisplatin 4. Electrochemistry
Cisplatin 5. The Role of Platinum Electrodes
Cisplatin 6. Transition Metal Chemistry
Cisplatin 7. Bioinorganic Chemistry
Cisplatin 8. Discovery of Cisplatin
Cisplatin 9. The Discovery - One Scientist's Story
Cisplatin 10. Research as a Career
Cisplatin 11. Cisplatin as an Anticancer Drug
Cisplatin 12. Modes of Action of Cisplatin
Cisplatin 13. Further Studies/Recent Developments
Cisplatin 14. DNA
Cisplatin 15. FDA Drug Approval Process
Cisplatin 16. Profits from Cisplatin
Cisplatin 17. Drug Resistance
Cisplatin 18. Toxicity
Cisplatin 19. Cancer
Cisplatin 20. Other Treatments for Cancer
Heat and Chemical Resistant Silicone Rubber
Silicones 1. Silicate Structures
Silicones 2. Organic Silicon Chemistry
Silicones 3. Problem of Electrical Insulation
Silicones 4. Corning and the First Silicones for High Temperature Insulation
Silicones 5. Organic Silicones at General Electric
Silicones 6. (CH3)2SiCl2
Silicones 6a. Thermodynamics and the Preparation of Silicon
Silicones 7. Polymer Chemistry, Thermochemistry and Kinetics
Silicones 8. High Temperature and Chemical Resistant Silicone Rubber
Silicones 8a. Chemical Engineers
Silicones 9. Quiz: Safety in Chemical Manufacture
Silicones 10. Small, Efficient Motors
Silicones 11. Advances in Materials
Silicones 12. Quiz: Choosing Materials for Our New Products
Silicones 13. Thousands of Useful Products
Silicones 15. Breast Augmentation Implants
Silicones 16. Disease Conditions in Some Users
Silicones 17. Bankruptcy of Dow Corning
Silicones 18. Who is Responsible for the Disease?
Nuclear Chemistry Discovery of the Neutron (1932)
Nuclear Chemistry: Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Chemistry: Case Study - Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Chemistry: First Chain Reaction (December 2, 1942)
Nuclear Chemistry: Nuclear Proliferation
Nuclear Chemistry: Nuclear Waste
Nuclear Chemistry: Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Chemistry: Quick Study - Problems
Nuclear Chemistry: Radiological Terrorism
Nuclear Chemistry: Reprocessing Spent Fuel
Nuclear Chemistry: The Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
Nuclear Chemistry: The Discovery and Isolation of Plutonium
Nuclear Chemistry: The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Nuclear Chemistry: Uranium Enrichment
Nuclear Chemistry: Uranium Production
Nuclear Chemistry Playing with Neutrons (1934-38)
Nuclear Chemistry The Discovery of Fission (1938)
COT
Virtual Chemistry
Demos
Additional Demos
A Capillary Flow Analogy
A Four-Color Oscillating Reaction
A Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Demonstration
A Reversible Blue-and-Gold Reaction
A Solid-Vapor Equilibrium Demonstration
Ammonia Fountain
An Analogy for Elements Versus Mixtures Versus Compounds
Atmospheric Pressure I --The Paint Thinner Can
Atmospheric Pressure II--The Micro Can Crusher
Avogadro's Hypothesis
Boiling Water at Reduced Pressure
Bromination of Bacon Fat
Brownian Motion In Liquids
Catalysts in Living Color
Catalytic Oxidation Demonstrations
Cathodic Protection
Chemical Magic-- Acid-Base Chemistry
Chemiluminescence of Tris(2,2'-Bipyridyl) Ruthenium(II) Ion
Chemiluminescence-- Singlet Oxygen
Chemiluminescence--Luminol
Chemiluminescence--The Cyalume Lightstick
Coke Density
Combined or Mixed Equilibria of Cu2+
Conductivity Apparatus--Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Cool Fire
Cork Rockets: The Combustion of Methanol
Crookes' Tube
Crystal Structure--- Phase Diagram
Density of CO2
Dependence of Pressure on the Amount of Gas
Diffusion in Liquids
Displacement Reactions of Zinc and Copper Metal
Distinguishing Between Polyolefins and Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
Dust Can Explosion-- Lycopodium Powder Combustion
Electrical Conductivity as an Endpoint Indicator
Electrolysis of Water, Version II
Endothermic Reactions-- The Enthalpy of Solution
Endothermic Reactions--Ba(OH)2 * H2O + NH4SCN
Flame Colors
Forces of Cohesion/ Adhesion
Formaldehyde Clock Reaction-- Red/Green Race
Free-Radical Reactions--The H2/Cl2 Reaction
Galvanic or Voltaic Cells
Gas Discharge Tubes
Gira Con Sciencia-- Rotational/ Vibrational Motion
Graham's Law of Effusion
Hydrogen Whistle
Introduction to Molarity
LeChatelier's Principle-- The NO2/N2O4 Equilibrium
Limiting Reagents
Liquid Air Demonstrations
Liquid Oxygen---Paramagnetism and Color
Making Sparklers
Metal vs. Nonmetal Oxides
Miscellaneous Exothermic Reactions
Mock Sun
Multi-Colored Luminescence of Lucigenin
Nitrogen Triiodide
Orbitz Fruit Drink
Oxidation States of Vanadium
Oxides of Nitrogen
Paramagnetic Properties of Fe, Fe2+ and Fe3+
Photochemical Bromination of an Alkane
Picric Acid Explosion
Polar vs. Nonpolar Compounds
Polarity of Solvents
Polymers--Condensation Polymerization of Nylon 6,6
Preparing Gases
Quantitative and Qualitative Reactions of Active Metals
Quantitiative Approach To Charles' Law
Radiation Damage To Glass
Reaction Between Aluminum and Bromine
Reaction Between Na and Cl
Reactivity of Alkanes and Alkenes
Reduction of Permanganate
Relative Velocities of Sound Propagation
Salt Solutions Concentration Gradient
Silver Mirror
Simple Buffer Demonstration
Smart Balls/ Stupid Balls
Solubility Demonstration I -- Like Dissolves Like
Solubility Demonstration II -- Extraction
Spontaneous Combustion Reaction of Acetylene with Chlorine
Strengths of Acids
Superabsorbent Materials
Superheated Steam
Supersaturated Solutions
The Blue Bottle Demonstration
The Blue/Amber/Colorless Oscillating Reaction
The Boyle's Law Demonstrator
The Brass Cannon Demonstration
The Cartesian Diver
The Catalytic Combustion Demonstration Unit
The Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
The Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide, II
The Chemiluminescent Clock Reaction
The Chemistry of Chromium
The Chemistry of CO2
The Chemistry of Copper
The Chemistry of Hydrogen
The Chemistry of Oxygen
The Chemistry of the Bicarbonate Ion
The Chemistry of the Halogens
The Co2+/ Co(SCN)42- Equilibrium
The Collisions Cube Simulator
The Combustion of Acetylene
The Common-Ion Effect
The Dehydration of Methylene Glycol Clock Reaction
The Density of Deuterated Water
The Determination of Absolute Zero
The Effect of Temperature on the Co(H2O)62+/CoCl42-Equilibrium
The Effect of Temperature on the NO2/N2O4 Equilibrium
The Electrolysis of Water
The Fe(SCN)2+/ Fe(SCN)2+ Equilibrium
The Fe(SCN)2+/ Fe(SCN)2+ Equilibrium---Expanded Version
The Fruit Powered Clock
The Interdiffusion of Gases
The IO3-/I2 Catalyzed Decomposition of H2O2
The Iodine Clock or Landolt Reaction
The Molecular Dynamics Simulator
The NO/CS2 Cannon
The Old Nassau (Gold and Black) Reaction
The Orange Tornado
The Photochemical Blue Bottle Demonstration
The Preparation of Bakelite
The Rainbow Connection Demonstration
The Reaction Between Magnesium and CO2
The Red-White-and-Blue Demonstration
The Relative Activity of Metals
The Relative Activity of the Alkali Metals
The Sb/I2 Reaction
The Solvated Electron
The States of Matter-- Starch Solution: Solid or Liquid?
The Traffic Light Demonstration
The Universal Gas Law Apparatus
Thermal Expansion of Gases
Thermite Reaction
Total Flakes
Transition Metal Complexes
Vapor Pressure
Volume of Mixing Demonstration
Work From a Voltaic Cell
Alcohol Breath Analyzer Demonstration
Artificial Beer
Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction
Burning Bubbles
Burning Magnesium
Burning Money
Coloring Without Crayons
Crushing Bottle
Dancing Fire
Dancing Gummi Bears
Dehydration of Sugar
Elephant Toothpaste
Feather Exposion
Water to Fruit Punch to Milk
Genie in a Bottle
Ghostbuster Slime
Hot and Cold Paks
Hydrogen Balloons
Demo: Instant Fire
Iodine Clock
Luminol
Magic Breath
Magic Candle
Methanol Rockets
Oscillating Clock
Smoke on Touch
Thermite
Underwater Fireworks
Workshops & Exercises
Fundamental
Molarity: Worksheet 1
Molecules and Moles: Worksheet
Workshop: Introduction to Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases: Worksheet 1
Acids and Bases: Worksheet 2
Acids and Bases: Worksheet 3
Workshop: Buffers and Titration Curves
Buffers and Titrations: Worksheet 1
Workshop: Building Atoms with Quantum Leaps
Building Atoms with Quantum Leaps: Worksheet 1
Workshop: Formulas & Masses
Workshop: Gas Laws and Applications
Gases: Worksheet 1
Gases: Worksheet 2
Workshop: Ions in Solution
Ions in Solution: Worksheet 1
Ions in Solution: Worksheet 2
Workshop: Mathematics and Measurements
Mathematics & Measurement: Worksheet 1
Nomenclature: Worksheet 1
Workshop: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions: Worksheet 1
WorkShop: The Structure of Molecules
The Structure of Molecules: Worksheet 1
Workshop: Unit Conversion & Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis: Worksheet 1
Lower Divisional
Acids (Electrophiles) and Bases (Nucleophiles)
Aldehydes and Ketones: Synthesis and Nucleophilic Additions
Organic Molecules (III): Worksheet
dismiss message
view details
Message will close by itself in
seconds
Message timer has been stopped
Viewing Details:
