Prologue: Chemistry in Our Lives

• P.1. Chemistry and Chemicals
• P.2. Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist
• Health Note: Early Chemists: The Alchemists
• Environmental Note: DDT: Good Pesticide, Bad Pesticide
• P.3. A Study Plan for Learning Chemistry

1. Measurements

• 1.1. Units of Measurement
• Explore Your World: Units Listed on Labels
• 1.2. Scientific Notation
• 1.3. Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
• 1.4. Significant Figures in Calculations
• 1.5. Prefixes and Equalities
• 1.6. Writing Conversion Factors
• Career Focus: Veterinary Technician (VT)
• Explore Your World: SI and Metric Equalities on Product Labels
• Green Chemistry Note: Toxicology and Risk-Benefit Assessment
• 1.7. Problem Solving
• 1.8. Density
• Health Note: Bone Density
• Explore Your World: Sink or Float?
• Health Note: Determination of Percentage of Body Fat

2. Energy and Matter

• 2.1. Energy
• 2.2. Temperature
• Health Note: Variation in Body Temperature
• 2.3. Specific Heat
• Green Chemistry Note: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming
• 2.4. Energy and Nutrition
• Explore Your World: Counting Calories
• Health Note: Losing and Gaining Weight
• 2.5. Classification of Matter
• 2.6. States and Properties of Matter
• Career Focus: Histologist
• 2.7. Changes of State
• Health Note: Steam Burns

3. Atoms and Elements

• 3.1. Elements and Symbols
• Health Note: Latin Names for Elements in Clinical Usage
• Environmental Note: Toxicity of Mercury
• 3.2. The Periodic Table
• Health Note: Elements Essential to Health
• Health Note: Some Important Trace Elements in the Body
• 3.3. The Atom
• Explore Your World: Repulsion and Attraction
• 3.4. Atomic Number and Mass Number
• Career Focus: Optician
• 3.5. Isotopes and Atomic Mass
• 3.6. Electron Energy Levels
• Green Chemistry Note: Energy-Saving Lightbulbs
• 3.7. Electron Configurations
• 3.8. Periodic Trends

4. Nuclear Chemistry

• 4.1. Natural Radioactivity
• 4.2. Nuclear Reactions
• Green Chemistry Note: Radon in Our Homes
• Health Note: Beta Emitters in Medicine
• 4.3. Radiation Measurement
• Health Note: Radiation and Food
• Health Note: Brachytherapy
• 4.4. Half-Life of a Radioisotope
• Explore Your World: Modeling Half-Lives
• Environmental Note: Dating Ancient Objects
• 4.5. Medical Applications Using Radioactivity
• Health Note: Radiation Doses in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
• Health Note: Other Imaging Methods
• 4.6. Nuclear Fission and Fusion
• Green Chemistry Note: Nuclear Power Plants

5. Compounds and Their Bonds

• 5.1. Octet Rule and Ions
• Health Note: Some Uses for Noble Gases
• Health Note: Some Important Ions in the Body
• 5.2. Ionic Compounds
• Career Focus: Physical Therapist
• 5.3. Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
• 5.4. Polyatomic Ions
• 5.5. Covalent Compounds
• 5.6. Naming and Writing Covalent Formulas
• 5.7. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
• 5.8. Shapes and Polarity of Molecules
• 5.9. Attractive Forces in Compounds

6. Chemical Reactions and Quantities

• 6.1. Chemical Reactions
• 6.2. Types of Reactions
• Health Note: Smog and Health Concerns
• 6.3. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
• Explore Your World: Oxidation of Fruits and Vegetables
• Green Chemistry Note: Fuel Cells: Clean Energy for the Future
• 6.4. The Mole
• 6.5. Molar Mass
• Explore Your World: Calculating Moles in the Kitchen
• 6.6. Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations
• 6.7. Mass Calculations for Reactions
• 6.8. Percent Yield and Limiting Reactants
• 6.9. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
• Health Note: Hot Packs and Cold Packs

7. Gases

• 7.1. Properties of Gases
• Explore Your World: Forming a Gas
• 7.2. Gas Pressure
• Health Note: Measuring Blood Pressure
• 7.3. Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
• Health Note: Pressure–Volume Relationship in Breathing
• 7.4. Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
• Green Chemistry Note: Greenhouse Gases
• 7.5. Temperature and Pressure (Gay–Lussac’s Law)
• 7.6. The Combined Gas Law
• 7.7. Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
• 7.8. The Ideal Gas Law
• 7.9. Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
• Health Note: Blood Gases
• Health Note: Hyperbaric Chambers

8. Solutions

• 8.1. Solutions
• Health Note: Water in the Body
• 8.2. Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
• Explore Your World: Like Dissolves Like
• Health Note: Electrolytes in Body Fluids
• 8.3. Solubility
• Health Note: Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problem of Saturation in Body Fluids
• Explore Your World: Preparing Solutions
• 8.4. Percent Concentration
• 8.5. Molarity and Dilution
• 8.6. Physical Properties of Solutions
• Health Note: Colloids and Solutions in the Body
• Explore Your World: Everyday Osmosis
• Health Note: Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney

9. Chemical Equilibrium

• 9.1. Rates of Reactions
• Environmental Note: Catalytic Converters
• 9.2. Chemical Equilibrium
• 9.3. Equilibrium Constants
• 9.4. Using Equilibrium Constants
• 9.5. Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
• Health Note: Oxygen–Hemoglobin Equilibrium and Hypoxia
• Health Note: Homeostasis: Regulation of Body Temperature
• 9.6. Equilibrium in Saturated Solutions

10. Acids and Bases

• 10.1. Acids and Bases
• 10.2. Strengths of Acids and Bases
• 10.3. Ionization of Water
• 10.4. The pH Scale
• Health Note: Stomach Acid, HCl
• Explore Your World: Using Vegetables and Flowers as pH Indicators
• 10.5. Reactions of Acids and Bases
• Green Chemistry Note: Acid Rain
• Health Note: Antacids
• 10.6. Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions
• 10.7. Buffers
• Health Note: Buffers in the Blood

11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes

• 11.1. Organic Compounds
• 11.2. Alkanes
• 11.3. Alkanes with Substituents
• Career Focus: Geologist
• Health Note: Common Uses of Haloalkanes
• 11.4. Properties of Alkanes
• Explore Your World: Combustion
• Health Note: Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide
• Green Chemistry Note: Crude Oil
• Environmental Note: CFCs and Ozone Depletion
• 11.5. Functional Groups
• Environmental Note: Functional Groups in Familiar Compounds

12. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

• 12.1. Alkenes and Alkynes
• Explore Your World: Ripening Fruit
• Environmental Note: Fragrant Alkenes
• 12.2. Cis–Trans Isomers
• Explore Your World: Modeling Cis–Trans Isomers
• Environmental Note: Pheromones in Insect Communication
• Health Note: Cis–Trans Isomers for Night Vision
• 12.3. Addition Reactions
• Explore Your World: Unsaturation in Fats and Oils
• Health Note: Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats
• Career Focus: Laboratory Technologist
• 12.4. Polymers of Alkenes
• Explore Your World: Polymers and Recycling Plastics
• 12.5. Aromatic Compounds
• Health Note: Some Common Aromatic Compounds
• Health Note: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

13. Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers

• 13.1. Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
• Explore Your World: Alcohols in Household Products
• Health Note: Some Important Alcohols and Phenols
• 13.2. Ethers
• Health Note: Ethers as Anesthetics
• Environmental Note: Toxic Ethers
• 13.3. Physical Properties of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
• 13.4. Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols
• Health Note: Methanol Poisoning
• Health Note: Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body

14. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Chiral Molecules

• 14.1. Aldehydes and Ketones
• Environmental Note: Vanilla
• Health Note: Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones
• 14.2. Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
• 14.3. Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
• 14.4. Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
• 14.5. Chiral Molecules
• Explore Your World: Using Gumdrops and Toothpicks to Model Chiral Objects
• Health Note: Enantiomers in Biological Systems

15. Carbohydrates

• 15.1. Carbohydrates
• 15.2. Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides
• Health Note: Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
• 15.3. Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
• 15.4. Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides
• Health Note: Testing for Glucose in Urine
• 15.5. Disaccharides
• Explore Your World: Sugar and Sweeteners
• Health Note: How Sweet Is My Sweetener?
• Health Note: Blood Types and Carbohydrates
• Career Focus: Phlebotomist
• 15.6. Polysaccharides
• Explore Your World: Polysaccharides

16. Carboxylic Acids and Esters

• 16.1. Carboxylic Acids
• Health Note: Alpha Hydroxy Acids
• 16.2. Properties of Carboxylic Acids
• Health Note: Carboxylic Acids in Metabolism
• 16.3. Esters
• Health Note: Salicylic Acid and Pain Relievers
• Environmental Note: Plastics
• 16.4. Naming Esters
• 16.5. Properties of Esters
• Environmental Note: Cleaning Action of Soaps

17. Lipids

• 17.1. Lipids
• 17.2. Fatty Acids
• Explore Your World: Solubility of Fats and Oils
• Health Note: Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils
• 17.3. Waxes, Fats, and Oils
• 17.4. Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
• Health Note: Olestra: A Fat Substitute
• Health Note: Trans Fatty Acids and Hydrogenation
• Green Chemistry Note: Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel
• Explore Your World: Types of Fats
• 17.5. Glycerophospholipids
• 17.6. Sphingolipids
• Health Note: Lipid Diseases
• 17.7. Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones
• Health Note: Anabolic Steroids
• 17.8. Cell Membranes

18. Amines and Amides

• 18.1. Amines
• Health Note: Amines in Health and Medicine
• 18.2. Properties of Amines
• 18.3. Heterocyclic Amines and Alkaloids
• Health Note: Synthesizing Drugs
• 18.4. Amides
• Health Note: Amides in Health and Medicine
• 18.5. Hydrolysis of Amides

19. Amino Acids and Proteins

• 19.1. Proteins and Amino Acids
• 19.2. Amino Acids as Zwitterions
• 19.3. Formation of Peptides
• Career Focus: Rehabilitation Specialist
• 19.4. Protein Structure: Primary and Secondary Levels
• Health Note: Polypeptides in the Body
• Health Note: Essential Amino Acids
• 19.5. Protein Structure: Tertiary and Quaternary Levels
• Health Note: Prions and Mad Cow Disease
• Health Note: Sickle-Cell Anemia
• 19.6. Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
• Explore Your World: Denaturation of Milk Protein

20. Enzymes and Vitamins

• 20.1. Enzymes
• 20.2. Enzyme Action
• Health Note: Isoenzymes as Diagnostic Tools
• 20.3. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
• Explore Your World: Enzyme Activity
• 20.4. Enzyme Inhibition
• 20.5. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
• 20.6. Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins

21. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

• 21.1. Components of Nucleic Acids
• 21.2. Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
• 21.3. DNA Double Helix
• 21.4. DNA Replication
• Career Focus: Occupational Therapist
• 21.5. RNA and Transcription
• 21.6. The Genetic Code
• 21.7. Protein Synthesis: Translation
• Health Note: Many Antibiotics Inhibit Protein Synthesis
• 21.8. Genetic Mutations
• Explore Your World: A Model for DNA Replication and Mutation
• 21.9. Recombinant DNA
• 21.10. Viruses
• Health Note: Cancer

22. Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates

23. Metabolism and Energy Production

• 23.1. The Citric Acid Cycle
• Career Focus: Physical Therapist
• 23.2. Electron Carriers
• 23.3. Electron Transport
• Health Note: Toxins: Inhibitors of Electron Transport
• 23.4. Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP
• 23.5. ATP Energy from Glucose
• Health Note: ATP Synthase and Heating the Body
• Health Note: Efficiency of ATP Production

24. Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids

• 24.1. Digestion of Triacylglycerols
• Explore Your World: Digestion of Fats
• 24.2. Oxidation of Fatty Acids
• 24.3. ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation
• Health Note: Stored Fat and Obesity
• Explore Your World: Fat Storage and Blubber
• 24.4. Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
• Health Note: Ketone Bodies and Diabetes
• 24.5. Fatty Acid Synthesis
• 24.6. Digestion of Proteins
• 24.7. Degradation of Amino Acids
• 24.8. Urea Cycle
• 24.9. Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
• 24.10. Synthesis of Amino Acids
• Health Note: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Health Note: Homocysteine and Coronary Heart Disease

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