Molecular Orbital Theory applied to BH3Table of contentsThis module will focus on the how Molecular Orbital theory applied to BH3. First, we would go through the the structure, symmetry elements that BH3 has. Next, we would talk about the symmetry labels due to the orbitals of the B atoms in BH3. Lastly, we would use all of the information about symmetry labels in BH3 to construct a BH3 diagram. IntroductionIn chemistry, Molecular Orbital theory is used to show how bonds between atoms in a molecules are formed from the orbital perspective. This theory is very important in understanding whether a molecule is paramagnetic or diamagnetic since Valence Bond theory can not establish this. We usually see the MO diagram of diatomic such H2, F2 or HBr. With this module we would learn how make MO diagram for polyatomic molecules and particularly BH3. The first step of making MO diagram for BH3 is to know the structure and symmetry elements BH3 has. Symmetry ElementsThe molecular structure of BH3 is trigonal planar and it belongs to the point group D3h. The symmetry elements are included:
Figure1: Molecule structure of BH3 (Used with permission from Dean.H Johnston) Symmetry Labels
B atom in BH3: +s-orbital: with the shape of the sphere, its function is x2+y2+z2. Therefore, 2s orbital has a1' symmetry +p-orbital: has 3 orbitals , px, py, pz. Therefore, 2pz orbital has a2" symmetry 2px and 2py orbital are degenerate and have e' symmetry 3 Hydrogen atoms in BH3: (Ligand group orbitals) a. Symmetry labels of LGOs: -With the symmetry operations of BH3 above, we can determine how many LGO unmoved by creating the following table:
-Next, with these values we can apply the following formula to identify the symmetry labels of the Ligan group orbitals a= 1/h ∑[(N).Xr(R).Xi(R)] h: the total number of coeficients of symmetry operation N: the coeficient of the each symmetry operation Xr(R): the character of the reducible representation corresponding to the R (values that just found in the LGO row Xi(R): the character of the irreducible representation corresponding to the R (from the character table)
A1'= 1/12 [(1)(3)(1)+(2)(0)(1)+(3)(1)(1)+(1)(3)(1)+(2)(0)(1)+(3)(1)(1)] = 1 A1' A2'= 1/12 [(1)(3)(1)+(2)(0)(1)+(3)(1)(-1)+(1)(3)(1)+(2)(0)(1)+(3)(1)(-1)]= 0 A2' E'= 1/12 [(1)(3)(2)+(2)(0)(-1)+(3)(1)(0)+(1)(3)(2)+(2)(0)(-1)+(3)(1)(0)]= 1E' A1''= 1/12 [(1)(3)(1)+(2)(0)(1)+(3)(1)(1)+(1)(3)(-1)+(2)(0)(-1)+(3)(1)(-1)]= 0 A1'' A2''= 1/12 [(1)(3)(1)+(2)(0)(1)+(3)(1)(-1)+(1)(3)(-1)+(2)(0)(-1)+(3)(1)(1)] = 0 A2'' E''= 1/12 [(1)(3)(2)+(2)(0)(-1)+(3)(1)(0)+(1)(3)(-2)+(2)(0)(1)+(3)(1)(0)] = 0 E '' b. How to determine the shapes of the LGOS? -LGO's symmetry labels are a1' + e'. There are 3 LGOs that can be made out of these symmetry labels,one LGO is from a1' and two LGOs are from e' due to doubly degenerate. In order to determine the shape of each LGO, we would use the wavefunctions.
-Three hydrogens in BH3 are assigned with Ψ1, Ψ2, Ψ3. Now lets look at how each Ψ is affected by the symmetry operations of the D3h and their results are completed in the following table:
Ψ (a1') = 4Ψ1+4Ψ2+4Ψ3 = 4(Ψ1+Ψ2+Ψ3) Ψ(a1')= 1/√3 (Ψ1+Ψ2+Ψ3) -The shape of the LGO1 is
Ψ(e') = 4 (Ψ1)-2 (Ψ2)-2 (Ψ3) = 2[ 2(Ψ1)-Ψ2-Ψ3] Ψ(e') = 1/ √6 (2 Ψ1-Ψ2-Ψ3) -The shape of the LGO2 is
-Noticed that in the LGO2, we have 1 nodal plane which is the horizonal line between the positive charge and negative charge. Therefore, the LGO3 (doubly degenerate with e') would also 1 nodal plane and its wavefunction would be Ψ(e') = 1/√2 (Ψ2-Ψ3). The shape of the LGO3 is
MO diagram-As we can see in this diagram, the energy level of 3 LGOs are higher than the 2s orbital and below the 2 p orbital dued to the electronegativy of both Boron and Hydrogen. Hydrogen has higher electronegativity than boron, therefore hydrogen would have lower energy level in the MO diagram. -In addition, B has 3 electrons in the valence electrons and 3 hydrogens have total 3 electrons. Therefore, the total number of electrons filled in orbitals are 6. With all of the informations above about symmetry labels of B atom and the 3 LGOs, we now construct the MO diagram of BH3. Noticed that, the bonding formation only happens to atoms that have the same symmetry labels. 2s orbital and LGO(1) would contribute 1 electron to give 2 spin pairs electrons at the a1' energy level. 2px and 2py orbitals would bond to the LGO(2) and LGO(3), which give 2 spin pairs electrons at the e' energy level.
FIGURE 3: MO diagram for the formation of BH3 -there is a detailed explaination that performed in this video
References
Outside LinksProblems1. What are the non-bonding orbital in this BH3? ' 2. In the above MO diagram, why does e' have 2 lines energy levels compared to a1' has only 1 line energy level? 3. What is the bond order of BH3 in this MO diagram? 4. Assume that we have d orbitals in this BH3, what are symmetry labels that d-orbitals have based on the character table? 5. Explain why a1' has the lowest energy level in the MO diagram.
Answer: 1. a2'' 2. because e' is doubly degenerate molecule orbital. 3. B.O = 3 4. a1' + e' + e'' 5. a1' has no node, so it is stable and has lowest energy compare to e'. Contributors
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