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Carbohydrate Classification

    There are a variety of interrelated classification schemes. The most useful classification scheme divides the carbohydrates into groups according to the number of individual simple sugar units. Monosaccharides contain a single unit; disaccharides contain two sugar units; and polysaccharides contain many sugar units as in polymers - most contain glucose as the monosaccharide unit.

     

    Carbohydrates
     Monosaccharides
     Disaccharides
     Polysaccharides
    Glucose
    Sucrose
    Starch
    Galactose
     Maltose
    Glycogen
    Fructose
    Lactose
    Cellulose
    Ribose
    		    
     Glyceraldehyde
    		    

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    Number of Carbons

    Monosaccharides can be further classified by the number of carbons present. Hexoses (6-carbons) are by far the most prevalent.

    Number of Carbons
     Six = Hexose
     Five = Pentose
     Three = Triose
     Glucose
    Ribose
     Glyceraldehyde
     Galactose
    		    
     Fructose
    		    

    Functional Groups

    • Aldoses contain the aldehyde group - Monosaccharides in this group are glucose, galactose, ribose, and glyceraldehyde.
    • Ketoses contain the ketone group - The major sugar in this group is fructose.
    • Reducing: Contain a hemiacetal or hemiketal group. Sugars include, glucose, galactose, fructose, maltose, lactose
    • Non-reducing: Contain no hemiacetal groups. Sucrose and all polysaccharides are in this group.

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